Gass Julie C, Tiffany Stephen T
Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2017 May;31(3):276-283. doi: 10.1037/adb0000259. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
Many addiction theories propose that craving modulates smoking. Research on this relationship has yielded mixed results, which might be explained, in part, by a consideration of the various behaviors representing tobacco use. Tobacco use can be divided into seeking (attempts to access cigarettes) and consumption (ingestion of tobacco). Seeking can be further divided into behaviors that reflect the operation of automatic or nonautomatic cognitive processes. We developed a procedure (Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions) to systematically examine the relationships between craving and these behaviors. Over multiple trials, thirty dependent smokers were exposed to a lit cigarette or a cup of water located behind a locked glass door. On each trial, participants rated craving and indicated the amount of money ($.01-$.25) they would spend to gain access to the cue. The amount spent, which determined the probability that the door would be unlocked and participants could sample the cue, indexed nonautomatic seeking. Latency to access the cue indexed automatic seeking behavior, and puff duration indexed consumption. Participants on average reported mild to moderate craving levels and had significantly higher craving and spent significantly more money on cigarette trials than water trials, though they did not access the cigarette more quickly than the water. Craving was significantly associated with money spent on cigarette trials (r = 0.54, p < .001) and puff duration (r = 0.38, p < .05), but not with latency (r = 0.35, p = .06). Overall, the data support the utility of this new procedure for examining the relationships between craving and various manifestations of tobacco use. (PsycINFO Database Record
许多成瘾理论认为，渴望会调节吸烟行为。关于这种关系的研究结果不一，这可能部分是由于对代表烟草使用的各种行为的考虑。烟草使用可分为寻求（获取香烟的尝试）和消费（烟草摄入）。寻求行为可进一步分为反映自动或非自动认知过程运作的行为。我们开发了一种程序（线索条件下的选择行为）来系统地研究渴望与这些行为之间的关系。在多次试验中，30名依赖吸烟者面对一扇锁着的玻璃门后放置的一支点燃的香烟或一杯水。在每次试验中，参与者对渴望程度进行评分，并指出他们为获取该线索愿意花费的金额（0.01美元至0.25美元）。花费的金额决定了门被解锁且参与者能够获取该线索的概率，它代表非自动寻求行为。获取线索的潜伏期代表自动寻求行为，而抽吸持续时间代表消费行为。参与者平均报告的渴望程度为轻度到中度，在香烟试验中比在水试验中有显著更高的渴望程度，并且花费了更多的钱，尽管他们获取香烟的速度并不比获取水的速度更快。渴望程度与在香烟试验中花费的金钱显著相关（r = 0.54，p <.001）以及与抽吸持续时间显著相关（r = 0.38，p <.05），但与潜伏期不相关（r = 0.35，p =.06）。总体而言，数据支持了这种新程序在研究渴望与烟草使用的各种表现之间关系方面的效用。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
