Moga Minodora, Bosca Adina Bianca, Bondor Cosmina Ioana, Ilea Aranka, Lucaciu Ondine Patricia, Ionel Anca, Man Milena Adina, Rajnoveanu Ruxandra Mioara, Câmpian Radu Septimiu
Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Histology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Clujul Med. 2017;90(1):99-106. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-667. Epub 2017 Jan 15.
Cigarette smoking has negative effects on general health, including oral health. The aim of our study was to assess the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status.
Smoker and non-smoker participants were enrolled in this observational study. The Fagerström test was used to classify nicotine dependences: low (score: 0-3), medium (score: 4-6) or high (score: 7-10). The oral hygiene status was classified according to the oral hygiene indices of plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation. Lastly, the exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured with a MicroSmokelyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd., Kent, United Kingdom).
Sixty five participants (50 smokers in the study group and 15 non-smokers in the control group) were enrolled between 11th and 29th of January 2016. No statistical differences were observed between the study group and the control group in terms of age (mean age±SD 23.5±1.9 and 24.0±1.5, respectively) or gender (50% and 26.6%, respectively). A statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in terms of plaque, (p=0.036), calculus (p=0.001) and gingival indices (p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between the exhaled levels of carbon monoxide and the general Fagerström score (r=0.97, p<0.001) or the Fagerström score in smokers (r=0.93, p<0.001); a negative correlation was observed between the exhaled carbon monoxide levels and the number of tooth brushings daily (r=-0.41, p=0.001). The plaque index was statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p=0.008), general Fagerström score (p=0.016) and number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001). The calculus and gingival indices were statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p<0.001), general Fagerström score (p<0.001) and score in smoker participants (p=0.029 and p=0.001, respectively) as well as the number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001).
Our study found a significant association between the plaque, calculus and gingival indices and smoking. Moreover, nicotine dependence was significantly associated with the number of daily tooth brushings and the gingival index.
吸烟对整体健康有负面影响，包括口腔健康。本研究的目的是评估尼古丁依赖、呼出一氧化碳水平与口腔卫生状况之间的相关性。
吸烟者和非吸烟者参与了这项观察性研究。使用法格斯特罗姆测试对尼古丁依赖进行分类：低（得分：0 - 3）、中（得分：4 - 6）或高（得分：7 - 10）。根据菌斑、牙石和牙龈炎症的口腔卫生指数对口腔卫生状况进行分类。最后，使用MicroSmokelyzer（英国肯特郡Bedfont Scientific Ltd.）测量呼出一氧化碳水平。
2016年1月11日至29日期间招募了65名参与者（研究组50名吸烟者，对照组15名非吸烟者）。研究组和对照组在年龄（平均年龄±标准差分别为23.5±1.9和24.0±1.5）或性别（分别为50%和26.6%）方面未观察到统计学差异。两组在菌斑（p = 0.036）、牙石（p = 0.001）和牙龈指数（p < 0.001）方面观察到统计学显著差异。呼出一氧化碳水平与法格斯特罗姆总评分（r = 0.97，p < 0.001）或吸烟者的法格斯特罗姆评分（r = 0.93，p < 0.001）之间存在正相关；呼出一氧化碳水平与每日刷牙次数之间存在负相关（r = -0.41，p = 0.001）。菌斑指数与呼出一氧化碳水平（p = 0.008）、法格斯特罗姆总评分（p = 0.016）和每日刷牙次数（p < 0.001）在统计学上显著相关。牙石和牙龈指数与呼出一氧化碳水平（p < 0.001）、法格斯特罗姆总评分（p < 0.001）以及吸烟者参与者的评分（分别为p = 0.029和p = 0.001）以及每日刷牙次数（p < 0.001）在统计学上显著相关。
我们的研究发现菌斑、牙石和牙龈指数与吸烟之间存在显著关联。此外，尼古丁依赖与每日刷牙次数和牙龈指数显著相关。
