Yılmaz Şenay Görücü, Llerena Adrián, De Andrés Fernando, Karakaş Ümit, Gündoğar Hasan, Erciyas Kamile, Kimyon Sabit, Mete Alper, Güngör Kıvanç, Özdemir Vural
1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
2 CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School , Badajoz, Spain .
OMICS. 2017 Mar;21(3):177-182. doi: 10.1089/omi.2016.0188. Epub 2017 Feb 16.
Public policies to stop or reduce cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and associated diseases have yielded successful results over the past decade. Yet, the growing worldwide popularity of another form of tobacco consumption, water pipe smoking, has received relatively less attention. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has evaluated the effects of water pipe smoking on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activities and drug interaction potential in humans, whereas only limited information is available on the impact of secondhand smoke on drug metabolism. In a sample of 99 healthy volunteers (28 water pipe smokers, 30 secondhand tobacco smoke exposed persons, and 41 controls), we systematically compared CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 enzyme activities in vivo using caffeine urine test. The median self-reported duration of water pipe smoking was 7.5 h/week and 3 years of exposure in total. The secondhand smoke group had a median of 14 h of self-reported weekly exposure to tobacco smoke indoor where a minimum of five cigarettes were smoked/hour for a total of 3.5 years (median). Analysis of variance did not find a significant difference in CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activities among the three study groups (p > 0.05). Nor was there a significant association between the extent of water pipe or secondhand smoke exposure and the CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activities (p > 0.05). Further analysis in a subsample with smoke exposure more than the median values also did not reveal a significant difference from the controls. Although we do not rule out an appreciable possible impact of water pipe smoke and secondhand smoke on in vivo activities of these two drug metabolism pathways, variability in smoke constituents from different tobacco consumption methods (e.g., water pipe) might affect drug metabolism in ways that might differ from that of cigarette smoke. Further studies in larger prospective samples are recommended to evaluate water pipe and secondhand tobacco smoke effects on CYP450 function, particularly at higher smoke exposure conditions.
在过去十年中，旨在阻止或减少吸烟及接触二手烟和相关疾病的公共政策已取得成功。然而，另一种烟草消费形式——水烟吸食，在全球范围内日益流行，却相对较少受到关注。据我们所知，迄今为止尚无研究评估水烟吸食对人体细胞色素P450（CYP450）活性及药物相互作用潜力的影响，而关于二手烟对药物代谢影响的信息也十分有限。在99名健康志愿者样本中（28名水烟吸食者、30名二手烟暴露者和41名对照者），我们使用咖啡因尿液检测法系统地比较了体内CYP1A2和CYP2A6酶活性。水烟吸食者自我报告的中位吸食时长为每周7.5小时，总计吸食3年。二手烟组自我报告的每周室内接触烟草烟雾的中位时长为14小时，室内每小时至少吸食五支香烟，总计3.5年（中位值）。方差分析未发现三个研究组之间CYP1A2和CYP2A6活性存在显著差异（p＞0.05）。水烟或二手烟暴露程度与CYP1A2和CYP2A6活性之间也无显著关联（p＞0.05）。对烟雾暴露超过中位值的子样本进行的进一步分析也未发现与对照组有显著差异。尽管我们不排除水烟烟雾和二手烟对这两种药物代谢途径的体内活性可能产生明显影响，但不同烟草消费方式（如水烟）的烟雾成分差异可能会以不同于香烟烟雾的方式影响药物代谢。建议在更大的前瞻性样本中进行进一步研究，以评估水烟和二手烟草烟雾对CYP450功能的影响，尤其是在更高烟雾暴露条件下。
