Blum Kristin M, Norström Sara H, Golovko Oksana, Grabic Roman, Järhult Josef D, Koba Olga, Söderström Lindström Hanna
Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
Chemosphere. 2017 Jun;176:175-182. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.063. Epub 2017 Feb 15.
This study investigated the i) kinetics, and ii) proportion of photolysis of 30 relatively stable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during artificial UV irradiation for 28 d in ammonium acetate buffer, filtered and unfiltered river water. Buffer was included to control removal kinetics under stable pH conditions and without particulate matter. Dark controls were used to determine removal due to other processes than photolysis and calculate the proportion of photolysis of the total removal. The removal of each API in each matrix was determined using online solid phase extraction/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE/LC-MS/MS). Most APIs transformed during the 28 d of UV irradiation and the dark controls showed that photolysis was the major removal process for the majority of the APIs studied. The half-lives ranged from 6 h (amitriptyline) in unfiltered river water to 884 h (37 d, carbamazepine) in buffer. In unfiltered river water, the proportion of APIs with short half-lives (<48 h) was much higher (29%) than in the other matrices (4%), probably due to additional organic carbon, which could have promoted indirect photolysis. Furthermore, two APIs, memantine and fluconazole, were stable in all three matrices, while alprazolam was stable in buffer and unfiltered river water and four additional APIs were stable in buffer. Considering the relatively long-term UV-exposure, this study enabled the investigation of environmentally relevant half-lives in natural waters. Many APIs showed high persistence, which is environmentally concerning and emphasizes the importance of further studies on their environmental fate and effects.
本研究调查了30种相对稳定的活性药物成分（APIs）在醋酸铵缓冲液、过滤及未过滤的河水中人工紫外线照射28天期间的：i）动力学，以及ii）光解比例。加入缓冲液是为了在稳定的pH条件下且无颗粒物的情况下控制去除动力学。使用黑暗对照来确定除光解以外其他过程导致的去除，并计算光解在总去除中所占的比例。使用在线固相萃取/液相色谱串联质谱法（在线SPE/LC-MS/MS）测定每种基质中各API的去除情况。大多数API在28天的紫外线照射过程中发生了转化，黑暗对照表明光解是所研究的大多数API的主要去除过程。半衰期范围从未过滤河水中的6小时（阿米替林）到缓冲液中的884小时（37天，卡马西平）。在未过滤的河水中，半衰期较短（<48小时）的API比例（29%）远高于其他基质（4%），这可能是由于额外的有机碳促进了间接光解。此外，两种API，美金刚和氟康唑，在所有三种基质中都很稳定，而阿普唑仑在缓冲液和未过滤的河水中稳定，另外四种API在缓冲液中稳定。考虑到相对长期的紫外线暴露，本研究能够调查天然水中与环境相关的半衰期。许多API表现出高持久性，这在环境方面令人担忧，并强调了进一步研究其环境归宿和影响的重要性。
