Rattray Gordon W
U.S. Geological Survey, 1955 Fremont Ave., MS 1160, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2017 Dec 1;203(Pt 1):578-591. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.063. Epub 2017 Mar 9.
The Camas National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) in eastern Idaho, established in 1937, contains wetlands, ponds, and wet meadows that are essential resting and feeding habitat for migratory birds and nesting habitat for waterfowl. Initially, natural sources of water supported these habitats. However, during the past few decades, changes in climate and surrounding land use have altered and reduced natural groundwater and surface-water inflows, resulting in a 5-meter decline in the water table and an earlier, and more frequent, occurrence of no flow in Camas Creek at the Refuge. Due to these changes in water availability, water management that includes extensive groundwater pumping is now necessary to maintain the wetlands, ponds, and wet meadows. These water management activities have proven to be inefficient and expensive, and the Refuge is seeking alternative water-management options that are more efficient and less expensive. More efficient water management at the Refuge may be possible through knowledge of the seepage rates from ditches, ponds, and lakes at the Refuge. With this knowledge, water-management efficiency may be improved by natural means through selective use of water bodies with the smallest seepage rates or through engineering efforts to minimize seepage losses from water bodies with the largest seepage rates. The U.S. Geological Survey performed field studies in 2015 and 2016 to estimate seepage rates for selected ditches, ponds, and lakes at the Refuge. Estimated seepage rates from ponds and lakes ranged over an order of magnitude, from 3.4 ± 0.2 to 103.0 ± 0.5 mm/d, with larger seepage rates calculated for Big Pond and Redhead Pond, intermediate seepage rates calculated for Two-way Pond, and smaller seepages rates calculated for the south arm of Sandhole Lake. Estimated seepage losses from two reaches of Main Diversion Ditch were 21 ± 2 and 17 ± 2 percent/km. These losses represent seepage rates of about 890 and 860 mm/d, which are one- to two-orders-of-magnitude larger than seepage rates from the ponds and lake. The depth-integrated vertical hydraulic conductivity (K) for sediment underlying the ponds and lake was the primary control of seepage rates. The K's were 30 and 34 m/d for Big Pond, 14 and 18 m/d for Toomey Pond, 8 and 10 m/d for Two-way Pond, and 47 m/d for the north arm of Sandhole Lake.
位于爱达荷州东部的卡马斯国家野生动物保护区于1937年建立，区内有湿地、池塘和湿草甸，这些是候鸟重要的休息和觅食栖息地，也是水禽的筑巢栖息地。最初，这些栖息地由自然水源维持。然而，在过去几十年里，气候和周边土地利用的变化改变并减少了天然地下水和地表水的流入量，导致地下水位下降了5米，保护区内的卡马斯溪更早且更频繁地出现断流情况。由于可用水量的这些变化，现在需要包括大量抽取地下水在内的水资源管理措施来维持湿地、池塘和湿草甸。事实证明，这些水资源管理活动效率低下且成本高昂，该保护区正在寻求更高效、成本更低的替代水资源管理方案。通过了解保护区内沟渠、池塘和湖泊的渗漏率，可能实现保护区更高效的水资源管理。有了这些信息，可通过自然方式提高水资源管理效率，即选择性地使用渗漏率最小的水体，或通过工程措施尽量减少渗漏率最大的水体的渗漏损失。美国地质调查局在2015年和2016年进行了实地研究，以估算保护区内选定沟渠、池塘和湖泊的渗漏率。池塘和湖泊的估算渗漏率相差一个数量级，从3.4±0.2至103.0±0.5毫米/天不等，大池塘和红头池塘的渗漏率较高，双向池塘的渗漏率中等，沙洞湖南臂的渗漏率较低。主引水渠两段的估算渗漏损失分别为21±2%/公里和17±2%/公里。这些损失代表的渗漏率约为890和860毫米/天，比池塘和湖泊的渗漏率大一个至两个数量级。池塘和湖泊下方沉积物的深度积分垂直水力传导率（K）是渗漏率的主要控制因素。大池塘的K值为30和34米/天，图米池塘为14和18米/天，双向池塘为8和10米/天，沙洞湖北臂为47米/天。
