Chaparro O R, Thompson R J, Emerson C J
Biol Bull. 1999 Aug;197(1):104-111. doi: 10.2307/1543001.
The Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) broods its offspring almost to the settlement stage (about 8 weeks). Larvae are maintained inside the infrabranchial chamber of the female. Samples from all embryo and larval developmental stages were obtained from mantle cavities of brooding females and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, with particular attention to the velar structures. All embryos and the earliest veliger stages of O. chilensis are devoid of cilia. Cilia first appear when shell length reaches 290-300 {mu}m, and the first cilia to grow on the velum form the outer preoral cilia. In larvae 340 {mu}m long, all the ciliary rings on the velum can be distinguished. These are the apical cilia (AC), inner preoral cilia (IPC), outer preoral cilia (OPC), and adoral cilia (AOC). The absence of the apical tuft in both O. chilensis and the closely related species O. edulis represents an adaptation to brooding by the embryos and larvae, but the lack of the postoral cilia (POC) in O. chilensis and the lack of cilia in the embryonic and early veliger stages are associated with an extreme brooding condition in this species.
智利牡蛎（Ostrea chilensis）将其后代养育至几乎接近附着阶段（约8周）。幼虫在雌体的鳃下腔中发育。从育雏雌体的外套腔中获取处于所有胚胎和幼虫发育阶段的样本，并通过扫描电子显微镜进行分析，特别关注其鳃结构。智利牡蛎的所有胚胎以及最早的面盘幼虫阶段均无纤毛。当壳长达到290 - 300微米时，纤毛首次出现，并且在鳃上最早生长的纤毛形成口前外侧纤毛。在体长340微米的幼虫中，可以区分出鳃上的所有纤毛环。这些纤毛环分别是顶纤毛（AC）、口前内侧纤毛（IPC）、口前外侧纤毛（OPC）和口侧纤毛（AOC）。智利牡蛎及其近缘物种可食牡蛎均无顶纤毛束，这是胚胎和幼虫对育雏方式的一种适应，但智利牡蛎缺乏口后纤毛（POC）以及胚胎和早期面盘幼虫阶段缺乏纤毛则与该物种极端的育雏条件有关。
