Shultz Mary Jane
Laboratory for Water and Surface Studies, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155; email:
Annu Rev Phys Chem. 2017 May 5;68:285-304. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-044813. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
Ice is a fundamental solid with important environmental, biological, geological, and extraterrestrial impact. The stable form of ice at atmospheric pressure is hexagonal ice, I. Despite its prevalence, I remains an enigmatic solid, in part due to challenges in preparing samples for fundamental studies. Surfaces of ice present even greater challenges. Recently developed methods for preparation of large single-crystal samples make it possible to reproducibly prepare any chosen face to address numerous fundamental questions. This review describes preparation methods along with results that firmly establish the connection between the macroscopic structure (observed in snowflakes, microcrystallites, or etch pits) and the molecular-level configuration (detected with X-ray or electron scattering techniques). Selected results of probing interactions at the ice surface, including growth from the melt, surface vibrations, and characterization of the quasi-liquid layer, are discussed.
冰是一种基本固体，对环境、生物、地质和地球外都有重要影响。在大气压力下，冰的稳定形式是六方冰I。尽管其很常见，但六方冰I仍然是一种神秘的固体，部分原因是在为基础研究制备样品时存在挑战。冰的表面带来的挑战更大。最近开发的制备大尺寸单晶样品的方法使得可重复制备任何选定的晶面以解决众多基础问题成为可能。本综述描述了制备方法以及一些结果，这些结果牢固地确立了宏观结构（在雪花、微晶或蚀刻坑中观察到）与分子水平构型（用X射线或电子散射技术检测）之间的联系。还讨论了在冰表面探测相互作用的选定结果，包括从熔体中生长、表面振动以及准液层的表征。
