Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke Teja
Fachgebiet Agrarökologie, Georg-August-Universität, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany fax: 0551 398806, , , , , , DE.
Oecologia. 1997 Jan;109(2):294-302. doi: 10.1007/s004420050087.
Hypotheses on secondary succession of butterfly and plant communities were tested using naturally developed 1- to 4-year-old set-aside fields (n = 16), sown fields (n = 8) and old meadows (n = 4) in 1992 in South Germany. Pioneer successional fields (1st and 2nd year of succession, dominated by annuals) and early successional fields (3rd and 4th year of succession where perennials, especially grasses became dominant) had fewer plant species than mid-successional fields (old meadows). In contrast to established hypotheses, mean number of plant species decreased from 1- to 4-year-old set-aside fields. Species richness of butterfly communities did not change during the first four years of succession, but species composition changed greatly. Pioneer successional fields were characterized by (1) specialized butterflies depending on annual pioneer foodplants (e.g. Issoria lathonia), and (2) species preferring the pioneer successions despite their host plants being more abundant on early and mid-successional fields (e.g. Papilio machaon). The variability in butterfly species richness was best explained by flower abundance which was closely correlated with plant species richness. Species whose abundance was correlated with habitat connectivity were significantly smaller than species which correlated with flower abundance. Numbers of caterpillar species were correlated with numbers of adult butterfly species. Life-history features of butterflies changed significantly from pioneer to early and mid-successional fields. We found decreasing body size and migrational ability, decreasing numbers of species hibernating as imago, decreasing numbers of generations and increasing larval stage duration with age of succession, but, contrary to expectation, host plant specialization, numbers of egg-cluster laying species and egg diameter did not change with successional age.
1992年，在德国南部，利用自然形成的1至4年生休耕地（n = 16）、播种地（n = 8）和老草甸（n = 4）对蝴蝶和植物群落的次生演替假说进行了检验。先锋演替地（演替的第1年和第2年，以一年生植物为主）和早期演替地（演替的第3年和第4年，多年生植物尤其是禾本科植物占主导）的植物物种比中期演替地（老草甸）少。与既定假说相反，从1年生到4年生休耕地，植物物种的平均数量减少。蝴蝶群落的物种丰富度在演替的前四年没有变化，但物种组成变化很大。先锋演替地的特点是：（1）依赖一年生先锋食草植物的特化蝴蝶（如艾氏珍蝶），以及（2）尽管其寄主植物在早期和中期演替地更为丰富，但仍偏好先锋演替的物种（如金凤蝶）。蝴蝶物种丰富度的变化最好用花的丰富度来解释，花的丰富度与植物物种丰富度密切相关。其丰富度与栖息地连通性相关的物种明显小于与花的丰富度相关的物种。毛虫物种的数量与成年蝴蝶物种的数量相关。从先锋演替地到早期和中期演替地，蝴蝶的生活史特征发生了显著变化。我们发现，随着演替年龄的增加，蝴蝶的体型和迁徙能力下降，以成虫越冬的物种数量减少，世代数减少，幼虫期持续时间增加，但与预期相反，寄主植物特化、产卵块物种数量和卵直径并未随演替年龄而变化。
