Winkler Hans
II. Zoologisches Institut der Universität Wien, Österreich.
Oecologia. 1973 Jun;12(2):193-208. doi: 10.1007/BF00345517.
The Syrian Woodpecker, Picoides syriacus, acquires its food by excavating, probing, gleaning and fly-catching (Fig. 1). The food-acquisition is carried out from ground level to the crown layer of trees and beyond (Fig. 2).In an ecological sense the Syrian Woodpecker occupies an intermediate position between the Great Spotted and the Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Picoides major and medius). That is true for food-acquisition since it excavates more than medius and less than major whilst probing more than major and less than medius. The species is also intermediate in the choise of base from which foraging is done. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are found frequently on thin twigs and Middle Spotted Woodpeckers on thick stems.Between Great Spotted and Syrian Woodpecker there exist interspecific territoriality. Both are neutral with respect to the Middle Spotted Woodpecker. In spite of strong competition for nesting holes and frequent aggression the territories of Syrian Woodpecker and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) overlap. These findings are discussed.
叙利亚啄木鸟（Picoides syriacus）通过挖掘、探查、觅食和飞行捕食来获取食物（图1）。食物获取活动从地面到树冠层及更高处展开（图2）。从生态意义上讲，叙利亚啄木鸟在大斑啄木鸟和中斑啄木鸟（Picoides major和medius）之间占据中间位置。在食物获取方面确实如此，因为它挖掘的比中斑啄木鸟多但比大斑啄木鸟少，而探查的比大斑啄木鸟多但比中斑啄木鸟少。该物种在觅食所选择的基部方面也处于中间状态。大斑啄木鸟经常出现在细树枝上，中斑啄木鸟则出现在粗树干上。在大斑啄木鸟和叙利亚啄木鸟之间存在种间领地性。它们对中斑啄木鸟都保持中立。尽管在筑巢洞穴方面存在激烈竞争且频繁发生攻击行为，但叙利亚啄木鸟和椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）的领地仍有重叠。对这些发现进行了讨论。
