Biochemical detoxication: mechanism of differential tiger swallowtail tolerance to phenolic glycosides.

Phenolic glycosides, commonly occurring allelochemicals in the plant family Salicaceae, are differentially toxic to subspecies of the eastern tiger swallowtail and responsible for striking differences in the abilities of Papilio glaucus canadensis and P.g. glaucus to utilize the Salicaceae as food plants. This research was designed to test the hypothesis that particularly high esterase activity confers resistance to phenolic glycosides in P.g. canadensis. I conducted larval survival trials in which the phenolic glycosides salicortin and tremulacin were administered with and without inhibitors of the major detoxication enzymes. Results for P.g. canadensis showed that when esterases were inhibited, toxicity of the phenolic glycosides increased greatly. None of the inhibitors significantly increased toxicity of the compounds to P.g. glaucus. I also conducted in vitro assays of the major detoxication enzymes (polysubstrate monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione transferases) in larval midguts. Soluble esterase activity was 3-fold higher in P.g. canadensis than in P.g. glaucus. Moreover, esterase activity was inducible by prior consumption of phenolic glycosides in P.g. canadensis but not in P.g. glaucus. Glutathione transferases may also be involved in the terminal metabolism of phenolic glycosides. This is the first verified case of detoxication of an allelochemical by esterase enzymes in herbivores. The biochemical adaptation has played an important role in the evolution of food plant preferences in P. glaucus subspecies.