Schaefer Matthias
II. Zoologisches Institut, Abteilung Ökologie, Universität Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, D-3400, Göttingen, Germany.
Oecologia. 1990 Jan;82(1):128-136. doi: 10.1007/BF00318544.
The soil fauna of a mull beech forest on lime-stone in southern Lower Saxony (West Germany) was sampled quantitatively. Biomass estimates, trophic characteristics, and measurement and calculation of the energetic parameters of the constituent animal populations were used to construct an energy budget of the total heterotrophic subsystem of the forest. Mean annual zoomass amounted to about 15 g d wt m; earthworms (about 10 g d wt m) and other groups of the macrofauna were dominant. Protozoa constituted about 1.5 g d wt m. Relative distribution of zoomass among the trophic categories was 50% macrosaprophages, 30% microsaprophages, 12% microphytophages, and 4% zoophages. Total annual consumption rate of the saprophagous and microphytophagous soil fauna (6328 and 4096 kJ m yr, respectively) was of the same order of magnitude as annual litter fall (canopy leaves 6124 kJ m yr, flowers and fruits 944 kJ m yr, herbs 1839 kJ m yr, fine woody material 870 kJ m yr, tree roots 3404 kJ m yr, without coarse woody litter). Primary decomposers (macrosaprophages) were the key group for litter comminution and translocation onto and into the soil, thus contributing to the high decomposition rate (k=0.8) for leaf litter. Consumption rates of the other trophic groups were (values as kJ m yr): bacteriophages 2954, micromycophages 416, zoophages 153. Grazing pressure of macrophytophages (including rhizophages) was low. Faeces input from the canopy layer was not significant. Grazing pressure on soil microflora almost equalled microbial biomass; hence, a large fraction of microbial production is channelled into the animal component. Predator pressure on soil animals is high, as a comparison between consumption rates by zoophages and production by potential prey - mainly microsaprophages, microphytophages and zoophages - demonstrated. Soil animals contributed only about 11% to heterotrophic respiration. However, there is evidence that animals are important driving variables for matter and energy transfer: key processes are the transformation of dead organic material and grazing on the microflora. It is hypothesized that the soil macrosaprophages are donor-limited.
对德国下萨克森州南部（西德）石灰岩上的腐殖质山毛榉林土壤动物群进行了定量采样。利用生物量估计、营养特征以及对组成动物种群能量参数的测量和计算，构建了该森林总异养子系统的能量收支。年平均动物量约为15 g干重/m²；蚯蚓（约10 g干重/m²）和其他大型动物类群占主导。原生动物约占1.5 g干重/m²。动物量在营养类别中的相对分布为：大型腐食者50%，小型腐食者30%，微型植食者12%，肉食者4%。腐食性和微型植食性土壤动物的年总消耗率（分别为6328和4096 kJ/m²·年）与年凋落物量处于同一数量级（树冠叶6124 kJ/m²·年，花和果实944 kJ/m²·年，草本植物1839 kJ/m²·年，细木质材料870 kJ/m²·年，树根3404 kJ/m²·年，不包括粗木质凋落物）。初级分解者（大型腐食者）是凋落物粉碎并转移到土壤中和土壤内的关键类群，因此导致落叶的高分解率（k = 0.8）。其他营养类群的消耗率（单位为kJ/m²·年）为：噬菌者2954，微食真菌者416，肉食者153。大型植食者（包括根食者）的啃食压力较低。树冠层的粪便输入不显著。对土壤微生物的啃食压力几乎等于微生物生物量；因此，很大一部分微生物产量被导向动物部分。正如肉食者的消耗率与潜在猎物（主要是小型腐食者、微型植食者和肉食者）的产量之间的比较所示，对土壤动物的捕食压力很高。土壤动物仅占异养呼吸的约11%。然而，有证据表明动物是物质和能量转移的重要驱动变量：关键过程是死有机物质的转化和对微生物的啃食。据推测，土壤大型腐食者受供体限制。
