Calderwood L, Cubins J, Vesty D, Darby H
Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT 05405 (
Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont Extension, 278 South Main St., St. Albans, VT 05478 (
Environ Entomol. 2017 Apr 1;46(2):183-190. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvw069.
Alternatives to pesticides are necessary for the management of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) arthropod pests. The three major arthropod pests in northeastern US hop production include two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank), and potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris. This 3-yr study (2012-2014) in Vermont investigated the effect of flowering ground covers on arthropod pest abundance. Hop cultivars 'Nugget' and 'Cascade' were evaluated under a strip-split plot experimental design. Ground cover treatments included 1) Control: mowed red clover (Trifolium pratense) and resident weeds, 2) Clover: red clover, and 3) Diverse: common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), beebalm (Monarda fistulosa), red clover, and annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Natural enemies were grouped by associated pest and indicated by our mixed model to be strong predictors of the number of hop aphid and potato leafhopper on hop plants. In year two, ground cover treatment had a significant effect on two-spotted spider mite abundance where fewer two-spotted spider mite were observed on hop plants in Diverse plots. The established, un-mowed Clover treatment was preferred by potato leafhopper over Diverse ground cover and hop plants. This revealed the potential for clover ground cover to serve as a trap crop for potato leafhopper management in northeastern hop yards. Our findings are evidence that ground covers implemented for conservation biological control may serve more specific pest management functions instead of or in addition to boosting top-down pest pressure.
对于啤酒花（Humulus lupulus L.）节肢动物害虫的管理而言，农药替代品是必要的。美国东北部啤酒花生产中的三大节肢动物害虫包括二斑叶螨（Tetranychus urticae Koch）、啤酒花蚜（Phorodon humuli (Schrank)）和马铃薯叶蝉（Empoasca fabae Harris）。这项在佛蒙特州进行的为期3年（2012 - 2014年）的研究调查了开花地被植物对节肢动物害虫数量的影响。啤酒花品种“Nugget”和“Cascade”在条区裂区试验设计下进行评估。地被植物处理包括：1）对照：割除的红三叶草（Trifolium pratense）和自生杂草；2）三叶草：红三叶草；3）多样化：普通蓍草（Achillea millefolium）、香蜂草（Monarda fistulosa）、红三叶草和一年生向日葵（Helianthus annuus）。天敌按相关害虫进行分组，我们的混合模型表明，天敌是啤酒花植株上啤酒花蚜和马铃薯叶蝉数量的有力预测指标。在第二年，地被植物处理对二斑叶螨数量有显著影响，在多样化地块的啤酒花植株上观察到的二斑叶螨数量较少。马铃薯叶蝉更喜欢已定植、未割除的三叶草处理，而不是多样化地被植物和啤酒花植株。这揭示了三叶草作为地被植物在东北部啤酒花种植园中用于管理马铃薯叶蝉的诱集作物的潜力。我们的研究结果证明，为保护生物防治而实施的地被植物可能具有更具体的害虫管理功能，可替代或补充增强自上而下的害虫压力。
