Matos Yvonne K, Sierras Angela, Schal Coby
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 (
Corresponding author, e-mail:
J Econ Entomol. 2017 Jun 1;110(3):1218-1225. doi: 10.1093/jee/tox082.
Baits are a preferred method of urban pest management. Baits enable more targeted insecticide applications with a fraction of the active ingredient used in residual sprays. Bait translocation by foragers, and consequent secondary kill of nonforagers, enhances bait effectiveness in social insects, and in other group-living species like German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.). We investigated the potential for secondary kill in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.), another gregarious species, using a liquid bait. We first investigated whether blood-fed adults enhance nymph survivorship within aggregations by increasing the local relative humidity (RH) and providing fecal nutrients. Higher RH (50% and 95%) resulted in greater survivorship of first instars compared with 0% RH. Therefore, in subsequent experiments, we controlled RH to decouple its effect on nymph survivorship from effects of fecal nutrients. The presence of fed or unfed adults did not increase unfed first instar survivorship, suggesting that if nymphs ingested feces, its nutritional benefits were minimal. Nymph survivorship was unaffected by the presence of adult males fed fipronil or clothianidin, suggesting that unlike in cockroaches, highly effective insecticides might not be effective as secondary kill toxicants in bed bugs. To directly compare secondary kill in first-instar bed bugs and B. germanica, we exposed both to insecticide-laden adult B. germanica feces. Whereas first-instar B. germanica died in the presence of insecticide-laden feces, bed bugs did not. We, therefore, conclude that secondary kill with neuroactive insecticides will likely not be a significant factor in bed bug population suppression.
诱饵是城市害虫管理的首选方法。诱饵能以残留喷雾中所用活性成分的一小部分实现更具针对性的杀虫剂应用。觅食者对诱饵的转移以及随之而来对非觅食者的二次杀灭，提高了诱饵对社会性昆虫以及德国小蠊（Blattella germanica L.）等其他群居物种的有效性。我们使用液体诱饵研究了另一种群居物种臭虫（Cimex lectularius L.）的二次杀灭潜力。我们首先研究了吸食血液的成虫是否通过提高局部相对湿度（RH）和提供粪便养分来提高聚集群体中若虫的存活率。与0%的相对湿度相比，较高的相对湿度（50%和95%）使一龄若虫的存活率更高。因此，在后续实验中，我们控制相对湿度，以将其对若虫存活率的影响与粪便养分的影响区分开来。有喂食或未喂食的成虫存在并不会提高未喂食的一龄若虫的存活率，这表明若虫即使摄入粪便，其营养益处也微乎其微。若虫的存活率不受喂食了氟虫腈或噻虫胺的成年雄虫存在的影响，这表明与蟑螂不同，高效杀虫剂可能无法作为臭虫的二次杀灭毒物发挥作用。为了直接比较一龄臭虫和德国小蠊的二次杀灭情况，我们让它们都接触含有杀虫剂的德国小蠊成虫粪便。虽然一龄德国小蠊在接触含有杀虫剂的粪便时会死亡，但臭虫不会。因此，我们得出结论，使用神经活性杀虫剂进行二次杀灭可能不会成为抑制臭虫种群数量的一个重要因素。
