Characterization of the Maf family of polymorphic toxins in pathogenic .

In addition to harmless commensal species, genus encompasses two pathogenic species, (the meningococcus) and (the gonococcus), which are responsible for meningitis and genital tract infections, respectively. Since the publication of the first genome in 2000, the presence of several genomic islands (GI) comprising genes has been intriguing. These GIs account for approximately 2% of the genome of the pathogenic species and the function of the proteins encoded by genes remained unknown. We showed that genes encode a functional toxin-immunity system where MafB is a toxin neutralized by an immunity protein named MafI. A strain can harbor several MafB/MafI modules with distinct toxic activities. MafB toxins are polymorphic toxins with a conserved N-terminal region and a variable C-terminal region. MafB N-terminal regions consist of a signal peptide and a domain named DUF1020 that is only found in the genus . MafB C-terminal regions are highly polymorphic and encode toxic activities. We evidenced the presence of MafB in the culture supernatant of meningococcal cells and we observed a competitive advantage for a strain overexpressing a MafB toxin. Therefore, we characterized a highly variable family of toxin-immunity modules found in multiple loci in pathogenic species.