Wooding Madelien, Rohwer Egmont R, Naudé Yvette
Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
J Chromatogr A. 2017 May 5;1496:122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.057. Epub 2017 Mar 24.
Many rural dwellers and inhabitants of informal settlements in South Africa are without access to treated water and collect untreated water from rivers and dams for personal use. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been detected in surface water and wildlife of South Africa. EDCs are often present in complex environmental matrices at ultra-trace levels complicating detection thereof. We report a simplified multi-residue approach for the detection and quantification of EDCs, emerging EDCs, and antiretroviral drugs in surface water. A low cost (less than one US dollar), disposable, sorptive extraction sampler was prepared in-house. The disposable samplers consisted of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubing fashioned into a loop which was then placed in water samples to concentrate EDCs and emerging pollutants. The PDMS samplers were thermally desorbed directly in the inlet of a GC, thereby eliminating the need for expensive consumable cryogenics. Comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used for compound separation and identification. Linear retention indices of EDCs and emerging pollutants were determined on a proprietary Crossbond phase Rtx-CLPesticides II GC capillary column. In addition, large volume injection of surface water into an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) was used as complementary methodology for the detection of less volatile compounds. Large volume injection reduced tedious and costly sample preparation steps. Limits of detection for the GC method ranged from 1 to 98pg/l and for the LC method from 2 to 135ng/l. Known and emerging EDCs such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides, as well as the antiretroviral compounds, efavirenz and nevirapine, were detected in surface water from South Africa at concentration levels ranging from 0.16ng/l to 227ng/l.
南非的许多农村居民以及非正规住区的居民无法获得经过处理的水，只能从河流和水坝中收集未经处理的水供个人使用。在南非的地表水和野生动物体内已检测到内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC）。EDC常常以超痕量水平存在于复杂的环境基质中，这使得其检测变得复杂。我们报告了一种用于检测和定量地表水中EDC、新型EDC以及抗逆转录病毒药物的简化多残留方法。我们自行制备了一种低成本（不到一美元）、一次性使用的吸附萃取采样器。这种一次性采样器由制成环状的聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）管组成，然后将其置于水样中以富集EDC和新型污染物。PDMS采样器直接在气相色谱仪的进样口中进行热解吸，从而无需使用昂贵的低温消耗品。综合气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用仪（GC×GC-TOFMS）用于化合物的分离和鉴定。在一根专利的Crossbond固定相Rtx-CLPesticides II气相色谱毛细管柱上测定了EDC和新型污染物的线性保留指数。此外，将大量地表水进样到超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪（UPLC-MS/MS）中作为检测挥发性较小化合物的补充方法。大量进样减少了繁琐且昂贵的样品制备步骤。气相色谱法的检测限范围为1至98pg/l，液相色谱法的检测限范围为2至135ng/l。在南非的地表水中检测到了诸如药物、个人护理产品和农药等已知和新型的EDC，以及抗逆转录病毒化合物依法韦仑和奈韦拉平，其浓度水平在0.16ng/l至227ng/l之间。
