Neiber Marco T, Razkin Oihana, Hausdorf Bernhard
Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain; Biodiversity Research Group CIEA Lucio Lascaray, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Alava, Spain.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2017 Jun;111:169-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 Apr 5.
The Hygromiidae is a highly diverse group of land snails with a distribution range stretching throughout the Palearctic region from the Macaronesian Islands to the Russian Far East and reaching southwards to the north-eastern Ethiopian region. So far, the classification of the family largely rested on the structure of the dart apparatus, an accessory genital organ. We used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences of almost all genera to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Hygromiidae. Several of the clades found in the molecular phylogenetic analyses represent regional radiations that partly show a high variation in the structure of the dart apparatus. Thus, several of the currently accepted subdivisions of the family, which included taxa with similar dart apparatus from different regions, turned out to be polyphyletic. We newly delimit three subfamilies within the family, Hygromiinae, Leptaxinae and Trochulinae on the basis of our phylogenetic analyses. The Hygromiinae are further subdivided into Hygromiini and Perforatellini trib. nov. The Leptaxinae are classified in Leptaxini, Metafruticicolini and Cryptosaccini trib. nov. The Trochulinae are the most diverse group including Ciliellini, Archaicini, Ganulini trib. nov., Urticicolini trib. nov., Trochulini, Caucasigenini trib. nov., Ashfordini trib. nov., Halolimnohelcini and Monachaini. Moreover, two new genera, Coronarchaica gen. nov. from Central Asia and Noricella gen. nov. from the Alps, are described. The Hygromiidae originated in the western Palaearctic, from where the Central Asian mountain regions, the Macaronesian Islands, the Caucasus region and sub-Saharan East Africa were colonized. The radiation of the Hygromiidae as well as those of several other land snail families was dispersal limited. Because of the low dispersal abilities of land snails, the period until an isolated region is colonized by a group by chance dispersal is comparatively longer than the period necessary for morphological and ecological diversification of the group within the newly colonized region. Some of the regional radiations coincided with orogeny in the respective areas and were probably triggered by the development of geographical barriers and new niches.
潮湿地蜗牛科是一类种类高度多样的陆地蜗牛，其分布范围从马卡罗尼西亚群岛延伸至俄罗斯远东地区，贯穿整个古北区，并向南延伸至埃塞俄比亚东北部地区。到目前为止，该科的分类主要基于一种附属生殖器官——阴茎鞘的结构。我们利用几乎所有属的核DNA和线粒体DNA序列重建了潮湿地蜗牛科的系统发育。在分子系统发育分析中发现的几个分支代表了区域辐射，其中一些在阴茎鞘结构上表现出高度变异。因此，目前该科中几个被认可的亚分类，包括来自不同地区但阴茎鞘结构相似的分类群，结果证明是多系的。基于我们的系统发育分析，我们在该科内新划定了三个亚科，即潮湿地蜗牛亚科、瘦蜗牛亚科和小轮蜗牛亚科。潮湿地蜗牛亚科进一步细分为潮湿地蜗牛族和穿孔蜗牛族（新族）。瘦蜗牛亚科分为瘦蜗牛族、变果栖蜗牛族和隐囊蜗牛族（新族）。小轮蜗牛亚科是最多样化的类群，包括纤毛蜗牛族、古蜗牛族、颗粒蜗牛族（新族）、荨麻栖蜗牛族（新族）、小轮蜗牛族、高加索起源蜗牛族（新族）、阿什福德蜗牛族（新族）、盐沼穴蜗牛族和莫纳恰蜗牛族。此外，还描述了两个新属，来自中亚的冠状古蜗牛属（新属）和来自阿尔卑斯山的诺里蜗牛属（新属）。潮湿地蜗牛科起源于古北区西部，从中亚山区、马卡罗尼西亚群岛、高加索地区和撒哈拉以东非洲地区由此处殖民化。潮湿地蜗牛科以及其他几个陆地蜗牛科的辐射受扩散限制。由于陆地蜗牛扩散能力较低，一个群体通过偶然扩散殖民一个孤立区域所需的时间，比该群体在新殖民区域内进行形态和生态多样化所需的时间相对更长。一些区域辐射与各自地区的造山运动同时发生，可能是由地理屏障和新生态位的发展引发的。
