Bradley Paul M, Journey Celeste A, Romanok Kristin M, Barber Larry B, Buxton Herbert T, Foreman William T, Furlong Edward T, Glassmeyer Susan T, Hladik Michelle L, Iwanowicz Luke R, Jones Daniel K, Kolpin Dana W, Kuivila Kathryn M, Loftin Keith A, Mills Marc A, Meyer Michael T, Orlando James L, Reilly Timothy J, Smalling Kelly L, Villeneuve Daniel L
U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States.
U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 May 2;51(9):4792-4802. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00012. Epub 2017 Apr 12.
Surface water from 38 streams nationwide was assessed using 14 target-organic methods (719 compounds). Designed-bioactive anthropogenic contaminants (biocides, pharmaceuticals) comprised 57% of 406 organics detected at least once. The 10 most-frequently detected anthropogenic-organics included eight pesticides (desulfinylfipronil, AMPA, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, metolachlor, atrazine, CIAT, glyphosate) and two pharmaceuticals (caffeine, metformin) with detection frequencies ranging 66-84% of all sites. Detected contaminant concentrations varied from less than 1 ng L to greater than 10 μg L, with 77 and 278 having median detected concentrations greater than 100 ng L and 10 ng L, respectively. Cumulative detections and concentrations ranged 4-161 compounds (median 70) and 8.5-102 847 ng L, respectively, and correlated significantly with wastewater discharge, watershed development, and toxic release inventory metrics. Log concentrations of widely monitored HHCB, triclosan, and carbamazepine explained 71-82% of the variability in the total number of compounds detected (linear regression; p-values: < 0.001-0.012), providing a statistical inference tool for unmonitored contaminants. Due to multiple modes of action, high bioactivity, biorecalcitrance, and direct environment application (pesticides), designed-bioactive organics (median 41 per site at μg L cumulative concentrations) in developed watersheds present aquatic health concerns, given their acknowledged potential for sublethal effects to sensitive species and lifecycle stages at low ng L.
使用14种目标有机方法（719种化合物）对全国38条溪流的地表水进行了评估。经设计具有生物活性的人为污染物（杀生物剂、药物）占至少被检测一次的406种有机物的57%。10种最常检测到的人为有机物包括8种农药（脱硫亚砜氟虫腈、AMPA、毒死蜱、狄氏剂、异丙甲草胺、阿特拉津、CIAT、草甘膦）和2种药物（咖啡因、二甲双胍），其检测频率在所有采样点中为66%-84%。检测到的污染物浓度范围从小于1纳克/升至大于10微克/升，分别有77种和278种污染物的检测浓度中位数大于100纳克/升和10纳克/升。累积检测到的化合物数量和浓度范围分别为4-161种（中位数为70种）和8.5-102847纳克/升，并且与废水排放、流域开发和有毒物质排放清单指标显著相关。广泛监测的六氯苯、三氯生和卡马西平的对数浓度解释了检测到的化合物总数变化的71%-82%（线性回归；p值：<0.001-0.012），为未监测的污染物提供了一种统计推断工具。由于具有多种作用模式、高生物活性、生物难降解性以及直接用于环境（农药），在发达流域中经设计具有生物活性的有机物（在微克/升累积浓度下每个采样点中位数为41种）对水生生物健康构成了威胁，因为它们在低纳克/升水平下对敏感物种和生命周期阶段具有公认的亚致死效应潜力。
