Short Kieran M, Smyth Ian M
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
Results Probl Cell Differ. 2017;60:233-256. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_9.
The kidney develops as an outgrowth of the epithelial nephric duct known as the ureteric bud, in a position specified by a range of rostral and caudal factors which serve to ensure two kidneys form in the appropriate positions in the body. At its simplest level, kidney development can be viewed as the process by which this single bud then undergoes a process of arborisation to form a complex connected network of ducts which will serve to drain urine from the nephrons in the adult organ. The process of bud elaboration is dictated by factors expressed by both the bud itself and by surrounding cells of the metanephric mesenchyme which control cell division and bifurcation. These cells play two critical roles. Firstly, they potentiate the ongoing elaboration of the ureteric tree: remove them and branching ceases. Secondly, they harbour progenitor cells which are fated to undergo their own process of tubulogenesis to form the nephrons of the adult organ. In this chapter, we will discuss how the ureteric bud arises in the developing embryo, how it undergoes branching, how we can measure and study this process and finally the likely relevance that this process has for our understanding of congenital and acquired kidney disease.
肾脏由上皮性肾管的一个分支即输尿管芽发育而来，其位置由一系列头侧和尾侧因素决定，这些因素确保两个肾脏在身体的适当位置形成。从最简单的层面来看，肾脏发育可视为这个单一芽体经历分支过程，形成一个复杂的相连管道网络的过程，该网络在成体器官中用于引流来自肾单位的尿液。芽体细化过程由芽体自身以及后肾间充质周围细胞所表达的因素决定，这些因素控制细胞分裂和分支。这些细胞发挥两个关键作用。首先，它们增强输尿管树的持续细化：去除它们，分支就会停止。其次，它们含有祖细胞，这些祖细胞注定要经历自身的肾小管形成过程，以形成成体器官的肾单位。在本章中，我们将讨论输尿管芽在发育中的胚胎中如何产生，它如何进行分支，我们如何测量和研究这个过程，以及最后这个过程对于我们理解先天性和后天性肾脏疾病可能具有的相关性。
