Brubaker Lauren, Dasgupta Sandipan, Bhattacharjee Debottam, Bhadra Anindita, Udell Monique A R
Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
Behaviour and Ecology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, West Bengal, PIN 741246, India.
Anim Cogn. 2017 Jul;20(4):717-723. doi: 10.1007/s10071-017-1093-7. Epub 2017 Apr 20.
Past research has suggested that a variety of factors, phylogenetic and ontogenetic, play a role in how canines behave during problem-solving tasks and the degree to which the presence of a human influences their problem-solving behaviour. While comparisons between socialized wolves and domestic dogs have commonly been used to tease apart these predictive factors, in many cases a single dog population, often pets, have been used for these comparisons. Less is understood about how different populations of dogs may behave when compared with wolves, or with each other, during an independent problem-solving task. This experiment compared the independent persistence of four populations of canines (two groups of pet domestic dogs, a group of free-ranging domestic dogs, and human-socialized wolves) on an independent problem-solving task in the presence of an on looking human. Results showed that wolves persisted the most at the task while free-ranging dogs persisted the least. Free-ranging dogs gazed at the human experimenter for the longest durations during the task. While further research is needed to understand why these differences exist, this study demonstrates that dogs, even those living outside human homes as scavengers, show comparatively low levels of persistence when confronted with a solvable task in the presence of a human as well as significantly greater duration of human-directed gaze when compared with wolves.
过去的研究表明，系统发育和个体发育等多种因素在犬类解决问题任务中的行为方式以及人类的存在对其解决问题行为的影响程度方面发挥着作用。虽然社会化狼和家犬之间的比较通常被用来区分这些预测因素，但在许多情况下，单一犬类群体（通常是宠物）被用于这些比较。对于不同犬类群体与狼相比，或在独立解决问题任务中相互比较时的行为方式，人们了解得较少。本实验比较了四类犬（两组宠物家犬、一组自由放养的家犬和人类社会化的狼）在有旁观者的情况下独立解决问题任务时的独立坚持性。结果表明，狼在任务中坚持的时间最长，而自由放养的狗坚持的时间最短。自由放养的狗在任务期间注视人类实验者的时间最长。虽然需要进一步研究来理解这些差异存在的原因，但这项研究表明，即使是那些作为 scavengers 生活在人类家庭之外的狗，在有人类在场的情况下面对可解决的任务时，表现出相对较低的坚持水平，并且与狼相比，对人类的注视时间明显更长。
