Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal.
Laboratory of Molecular EcoPhysiology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Oct 15;596-597:378-395. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.057. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
Agriculture is widespread across the EU and has caused considerable impacts on freshwater ecosystems. To revert the degradation caused to streams and rivers, research and restoration efforts have been developed to recover ecosystem functions and services, with the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) playing a significant role in strengthening the progress. Analysing recent peer-reviewed European literature (2009-2016), this review explores 1) the conflicts and difficulties faced when restoring agriculturally impacted streams, 2) the aspects relevant to effectively reconcile agricultural land uses and healthy riverine ecosystems and 3) the effects and potential shortcomings of the first WFD management cycle. Our analysis reveals significant progress in restoration efforts, but it also demonstrates an urgent need for a higher number and detail of restoration projects reported in the peer-reviewed literature. The first WFD cycle ended in 2015 without reaching the goal of good ecological status in many European water-bodies. Addressing limitations reported in recent papers, including difficulties in stakeholder integration and importance of small headwater streams, is crucial. Analysing recent developments on stakeholder engagement through structured participatory processes will likely reduce perception discrepancies and increase stakeholder interest during the next WFD planning cycle. Despite an overall dominance of nutrient-related research, studies are spreading across many important topics (e.g. stakeholder management, land use conflicts, climate change effects), which may play an important role in guiding future policy. Our recommendations are important for the second WFD cycle because they 1) help secure the development and dissemination of science-based restoration strategies and 2) provide guidance for future research needs.
农业在欧盟广泛存在，对淡水生态系统造成了重大影响。为了扭转溪流和河流的退化，已经开展了研究和恢复工作，以恢复生态系统功能和服务，而《欧洲水框架指令》（WFD）在加强这方面的进展方面发挥了重要作用。本综述分析了最近的欧洲同行评议文献（2009-2016 年），探讨了 1）在恢复受农业影响的溪流时面临的冲突和困难，2）与有效协调农业土地利用和健康河流生态系统相关的方面，以及 3）第一个 WFD 管理周期的影响和潜在缺点。我们的分析表明，在恢复工作方面取得了重大进展，但也表明在同行评议文献中报告更多和更详细的恢复项目的迫切需要。第一个 WFD 周期于 2015 年结束，许多欧洲水体仍未达到良好生态状况的目标。解决最近文献中报告的限制因素，包括利益相关者整合的困难和小源头溪流的重要性，至关重要。通过结构化参与式流程分析利益相关者参与的最新发展，可能会减少感知差异，并在未来的 WFD 规划周期中提高利益相关者的兴趣。尽管营养相关研究占据主导地位，但研究正在扩展到许多重要主题（例如，利益相关者管理、土地利用冲突、气候变化影响），这可能在指导未来政策方面发挥重要作用。我们的建议对于第二个 WFD 周期非常重要，因为它们 1）有助于确保基于科学的恢复策略的制定和传播，以及 2）为未来的研究需求提供指导。
