Boltz Joshua P, Smets Barth F, Rittmann Bruce E, van Loosdrecht Mark C M, Morgenroth Eberhard, Daigger Glen T
Volkert, Inc., 3809 Moffett Road, Mobile, AL 36618, USA.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Water Sci Technol. 2017 Apr;75(7-8):1753-1760. doi: 10.2166/wst.2017.061.
Biofilms are complex biostructures that appear on all surfaces that are regularly in contact with water. They are structurally complex, dynamic systems with attributes of primordial multicellular organisms and multifaceted ecosystems. The presence of biofilms may have a negative impact on the performance of various systems, but they can also be used beneficially for the treatment of water (defined herein as potable water, municipal and industrial wastewater, fresh/brackish/salt water bodies, groundwater) as well as in water stream-based biological resource recovery systems. This review addresses the following three topics: (1) biofilm ecology, (2) biofilm reactor technology and design, and (3) biofilm modeling. In so doing, it addresses the processes occurring in the biofilm, and how these affect and are affected by the broader biofilm system. The symphonic application of a suite of biological methods has led to significant advances in the understanding of biofilm ecology. New metabolic pathways, such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) or complete ammonium oxidation (comammox) were first observed in biofilm reactors. The functions, properties, and constituents of the biofilm extracellular polymeric substance matrix are somewhat known, but their exact composition and role in the microbial conversion kinetics and biochemical transformations are still to be resolved. Biofilm grown microorganisms may contribute to increased metabolism of micro-pollutants. Several types of biofilm reactors have been used for water treatment, with current focus on moving bed biofilm reactors, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, membrane-supported biofilm reactors, and granular sludge processes. The control and/or beneficial use of biofilms in membrane processes is advancing. Biofilm models have become essential tools for fundamental biofilm research and biofilm reactor engineering and design. At the same time, the divergence between biofilm modeling and biofilm reactor modeling approaches is recognized.
生物膜是出现在所有经常与水接触的表面上的复杂生物结构。它们是结构复杂、动态的系统，具有原始多细胞生物和多面生态系统的属性。生物膜的存在可能会对各种系统的性能产生负面影响，但它们也可有益地用于水（本文定义为饮用水、市政和工业废水、淡水/微咸水/咸水体、地下水）的处理以及基于水流的生物资源回收系统。本综述涉及以下三个主题：（1）生物膜生态学，（2）生物膜反应器技术与设计，以及（3）生物膜建模。通过这样做，它阐述了生物膜中发生的过程，以及这些过程如何影响更广泛的生物膜系统以及受到该系统的影响。一系列生物学方法的协同应用在生物膜生态学的理解方面取得了重大进展。新的代谢途径，如厌氧氨氧化（anammox）或完全氨氧化（comammox），首先在生物膜反应器中被观察到。生物膜胞外聚合物基质的功能、特性和成分已有所了解，但其确切组成及其在微生物转化动力学和生化转化中的作用仍有待解决。生物膜中生长的微生物可能有助于增加微污染物的代谢。几种类型的生物膜反应器已用于水处理，目前重点是移动床生物膜反应器、一体化固定膜活性污泥、膜支撑生物膜反应器和颗粒污泥工艺。膜过程中生物膜的控制和/或有益利用正在取得进展。生物膜模型已成为生物膜基础研究以及生物膜反应器工程与设计的重要工具。与此同时，生物膜建模与生物膜反应器建模方法之间的差异也已得到认识。
