Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstrasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01309 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, BioInnovationsZentrum, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2017 Jul;67:103-112. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.04.004. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
Anyone watching a movie of embryonic development immediately appreciates the importance of morphogenetic movements and cell flows that reshape tissue. Dynamic tissue shape changes are genetically choreographed, but their execution is essentially a mechanical event. How the interplay between genetics and tissue mechanics controls tissue shape is a fundamental question. Key insights into this problem have emerged from studies in different model organisms as well as in cultured epithelia. These studies have revealed how gene expression patterns can generate patterns of planar cell polarity that orient cellular force generation and give rise to anisotropic mechanical properties of cells and tissues. These can autonomously bias the rate and orientation of cellular events such as cell divisions, extrusions, neighbor exchanges and shape changes that drive morphogenesis. However recent studies also highlight how autonomously controlled cell dynamics lead to tissue-wide stress patterns framed by mechanical constraints such as cellular connections to extracellular matrices. These stress patterns themselves can orient the cell behaviours underlying morphogenesis. As a result of this interplay, tissue shape emerges in a mechanical process that tightly couples mechanics and genetics.
任何人观看胚胎发育的电影，都会立即意识到重塑组织的形态发生运动和细胞流动的重要性。动态组织形状变化是由遗传精心编排的，但它们的执行本质上是一个机械事件。遗传和组织力学之间的相互作用如何控制组织形状是一个基本问题。不同模式生物以及培养的上皮组织的研究为解决这一问题提供了关键的见解。这些研究揭示了基因表达模式如何产生平面细胞极性模式，从而定向细胞力的产生，并赋予细胞和组织各向异性的机械特性。这些特性可以自主地影响细胞分裂、挤出、邻居交换和形状变化等细胞事件的速度和方向，从而推动形态发生。然而，最近的研究也强调了自主控制的细胞动力学如何导致受机械约束（如细胞与细胞外基质的连接）框定的组织范围的应力模式。这些应力模式本身可以定向形态发生所必需的细胞行为。由于这种相互作用，组织形状出现在一个紧密结合力学和遗传学的机械过程中。
