Carbon dioxide sources from Alaska driven by increasing early winter respiration from Arctic tundra.

High-latitude ecosystems have the capacity to release large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO) to the atmosphere in response to increasing temperatures, representing a potentially significant positive feedback within the climate system. Here, we combine aircraft and tower observations of atmospheric CO with remote sensing data and meteorological products to derive temporally and spatially resolved year-round CO fluxes across Alaska during 2012-2014. We find that tundra ecosystems were a net source of CO to the atmosphere annually, with especially high rates of respiration during early winter (October through December). Long-term records at Barrow, AK, suggest that CO emission rates from North Slope tundra have increased during the October through December period by 73% ± 11% since 1975, and are correlated with rising summer temperatures. Together, these results imply increasing early winter respiration and net annual emission of CO in Alaska, in response to climate warming. Our results provide evidence that the decadal-scale increase in the amplitude of the CO seasonal cycle may be linked with increasing biogenic emissions in the Arctic, following the growing season. Early winter respiration was not well simulated by the Earth System Models used to forecast future carbon fluxes in recent climate assessments. Therefore, these assessments may underestimate the carbon release from Arctic soils in response to a warming climate.