Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2017 Nov;8(6). doi: 10.1002/wcs.1439. Epub 2017 May 9.
As illustrated by numerous cases in recent years, DNA exonerations of innocent individuals have cast a spotlight on the counterintuitive problem of false confessions. Studying the underlying psychology scientists have found that (1) innocent people are often targeted for interrogation because police make erroneous but confident judgments of deception; (2) certain interrogation techniques-namely, lengthy sessions, presentations of false evidence, and minimization themes that imply leniency-increase the risk that innocent people will confess; (3) certain individuals are particularly vulnerable to influence-notably, those with mental health problems or intellectual impairments, which render them overly compliant or suggestible, and children and adolescents, who exhibit 'immaturity of judgment'; (4) confession evidence is highly persuasive in court as a matter of common sense, increasing perceptions of guilt, even among judges and juries who see the confession as coerced, and even at times when the confession is contradicted by exculpatory information; (5) Miranda rights to silence and to counsel are not sufficiently protective, so proposals for reform have centered on the mandatory recording of interrogations, from start to finish, and a shift toward using investigative interviewing-a less confrontational, less deceptive means of questioning suspects. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1439. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1439 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
近年来有许多案例表明，对无辜个体的 DNA 无罪洗脱凸显了一个违背直觉的错误认罪问题。科学家通过研究其潜在心理发现：（1）无辜者经常成为审讯对象，因为警方会错误但自信地判断欺骗行为；（2）某些审讯技术——即长时间审讯、呈现虚假证据、以及暗示宽大处理的主题——会增加无辜者认罪的风险；（3）某些人特别容易受到影响——特别是那些有心理健康问题或智力障碍的人，他们表现出过度顺从或易受暗示，以及儿童和青少年，他们表现出“判断力不成熟”；（4）供词证据在法庭上极具说服力，这是常识，即使是看到供词是被迫的法官和陪审团也会增加对有罪的看法，即使在供词与开脱罪责的信息相矛盾的情况下也是如此；（5）米兰达沉默权和律师权保护不足，因此改革提案集中在从始至终强制记录审讯，以及转向使用调查性访谈——一种不那么对抗性、不那么欺骗性的讯问嫌疑人的方式。WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1439. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1439 如需了解本文相关资源，请访问 WIREs 网站。
