Vadivelu Nalini, Chang Daniel, Helander Erik M, Bordelon Gregory J, Kai Alice, Kaye Alan D, Hsu Dora, Bang Daniel, Julka Inderjeet
Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208051, New Haven, CT 06520-8051, USA.
Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208051, New Haven, CT 06520-8051, USA.
Anesthesiol Clin. 2017 Jun;35(2):e1-e20. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2017.01.001. Epub 2017 Apr 14.
Pain remains a tremendous burden on patients and for the health care system, with uncontrolled pain being the leading cause of disability in this country. There are a variety of medications that can be used in the treatment of pain, including ketorolac, oxymorphone, tapentadol, and tramadol. Depending on the clinical situation, these drugs can be used as monotherapy or in conjunction with other types of medications in a multimodal approach. A strong appreciation of pharmacologic properties of these agents and potential side effects is warranted for clinicians.
疼痛仍然是患者和医疗保健系统的巨大负担，在这个国家，疼痛控制不佳是导致残疾的主要原因。有多种药物可用于治疗疼痛，包括酮咯酸、羟吗啡酮、曲马多和曲马多。根据临床情况，这些药物可以作为单一疗法使用，也可以与其他类型的药物联合使用，采用多模式方法。临床医生必须充分了解这些药物的药理特性和潜在副作用。
