Hollett Ross C, Stritzke Werner G K, Edgeworth Phoebe, Weinborn Michael
Cognition Research Group, School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, JoondalupWA, Australia.
School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA, Australia.
Front Psychol. 2017 May 8;8:645. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00645. eCollection 2017.
According to the ambivalence model of craving, alcohol craving involves the dynamic interplay of separate approach and avoidance inclinations. Cue-elicited increases in approach inclinations are posited to be more likely to result in alcohol consumption and risky drinking behaviors only if unimpeded by restraint inclinations. Current study aims were (1) to test if changes in the net balance between approach and avoidance inclinations following alcohol cue exposure differentiate between low and high risk drinkers, and (2) if this balance is associated with alcohol consumption on a subsequent taste test. In two experiments ( = 60; = 79), low and high risk social drinkers were exposed to alcohol cues, and pre- and post- approach and avoidance inclinations measured. An alcohol consumption paradigm and a non-alcohol exposure condition were also included in Study 2. Cue-elicited craving was characterized by a predominant approach inclination only in the high risk drinkers. Conversely, approach inclinations were adaptively balanced by equally strong avoidance inclinations when cue-elicited craving was induced in low risk drinkers. For these low risk drinkers with the balanced craving profile, neither approach or avoidance inclinations predicted subsequent alcohol consumption levels during the taste test. Conversely, for high risk drinkers, where the approach inclination predominated, each inclination synergistically predicted subsequent drinking levels during the taste test. In conclusion, results support the importance of assessing both approach and avoidance inclinations, and their relative balance following alcohol cue exposure. Specifically, this more comprehensive assessment reveals changes in craving profiles that are not apparent from examining changes in approach inclinations alone, and it is this shift in the net balance that distinguishes high from low risk drinkers.
根据渴望的矛盾模型，对酒精的渴望涉及独立的趋近和回避倾向之间的动态相互作用。只有在不受抑制倾向阻碍的情况下，线索引发的趋近倾向增加才更有可能导致饮酒和危险饮酒行为。本研究的目的是：（1）测试酒精线索暴露后趋近和回避倾向之间的净平衡变化是否能区分低风险和高风险饮酒者；（2）这种平衡是否与随后味觉测试中的酒精摄入量相关。在两项实验中（实验1：n = 60；实验2：n = 79），低风险和高风险社交饮酒者暴露于酒精线索下，并测量线索暴露前后的趋近和回避倾向。实验2还包括酒精消费范式和非酒精暴露条件。线索引发的渴望仅在高风险饮酒者中表现为主要的趋近倾向。相反，当在低风险饮酒者中引发线索引发的渴望时，趋近倾向会被同样强烈的回避倾向适应性地平衡。对于这些具有平衡渴望特征的低风险饮酒者，在味觉测试中，趋近或回避倾向都不能预测随后的酒精消费水平。相反，对于趋近倾向占主导的高风险饮酒者，每种倾向都能协同预测味觉测试中的后续饮酒水平。总之，结果支持评估趋近和回避倾向及其在酒精线索暴露后的相对平衡的重要性。具体而言，这种更全面的评估揭示了仅检查趋近倾向变化时不明显的渴望特征变化，正是这种净平衡的转变区分了高风险和低风险饮酒者。
