1Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, PORTUGAL; 2Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy West Point, NY; and 3Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Oct;49(10):2086-2092. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001332.
Maximizing fat mass (FM) loss while preserving or increasing fat-free mass (FFM) is a central goal for athletic performance but the composition of body weight (BW) changes over time with training are largely unknown.
We aimed to analyze FM and FFM contributions to BW changes and to test if these contributions follow established rules and predictions over one athletic season.
Seventy athletes (42 men; handball, volleyball, basketball, triathlon, and swimming) were evaluated from the beginning to the competitive stage of the season and were empirically divided into those who lost (n = 20) or gained >1.5% BW (n = 50). FM and FFM were evaluated with a four-compartment model. Energy densities (ED) of 1.0 kcal·g for FFM and 9.5 kcal·g for FM were used to calculate ED/per kilogram BW change.
Athletes that lost >1.5% BW decreased FM by 1.7 ± 1.6 kg (P < 0.05), whereas FFM loss was nonsignificant (-0.7 ± 2.1 kg). Those who gained >1.5% BW increased FFM by 2.3 ± 2.1 kg (P < 0.05) with nonsignificant FM gains (0.4 ± 2.2 kg). The proportion of BW change as FM for those who lost or gained BW was 90% (ED: 8678 ± 2147 kcal·kg) and 5% (ED: 1449 ± 1525 kcal·kg), respectively (P < 0.001). FFM changes from Forbes Curve were inversely related to observed changes (r = -0.64; r = -0.81, respectively for those who lost or gained BW).
Athletes that lost BW used 90% of the energy from FM while in those gaining BW, 95% was directed to FFM. When BW is lost, dynamic changes in its composition do not follow established rules and predictions used for lean or overweight/obese nonathletic populations.
最大限度地减少脂肪质量 (FM) 损失，同时保留或增加去脂体重 (FFM) 是提高运动表现的核心目标，但随着训练的进行，体重 (BW) 的组成会发生变化，这在很大程度上是未知的。
我们旨在分析 FM 和 FFM 对 BW 变化的贡献，并测试这些贡献是否在一个运动赛季中遵循既定的规则和预测。
从赛季开始到竞争阶段，对 70 名运动员（男 42 名；手球、排球、篮球、三项全能和游泳）进行了评估，并根据经验将他们分为体重减轻（n = 20）或增加 >1.5% BW 的运动员（n = 50）。使用四室模型评估 FM 和 FFM。FFM 的能量密度 (ED) 为 1.0 kcal·g，FM 的 ED 为 9.5 kcal·g，用于计算 ED/公斤 BW 变化。
体重减轻 >1.5% BW 的运动员 FM 减少 1.7 ± 1.6 kg（P < 0.05），而 FFM 损失不显著（-0.7 ± 2.1 kg）。体重增加 >1.5% BW 的运动员 FFM 增加 2.3 ± 2.1 kg（P < 0.05），FM 增加不显著（0.4 ± 2.2 kg）。体重减轻或增加 BW 的运动员 BW 变化中 FM 的比例分别为 90%（ED：8678 ± 2147 kcal·kg）和 5%（ED：1449 ± 1525 kcal·kg）（P < 0.001）。福布斯曲线的 FFM 变化与观察到的变化呈负相关（分别为 r = -0.64；r = -0.81，对于体重减轻或增加 BW 的运动员）。
体重减轻的运动员使用 90%的 FM 能量，而在体重增加的运动员中，95%的能量用于 FFM。当 BW 减少时，其组成的动态变化不遵循用于瘦或超重/肥胖非运动员人群的既定规则和预测。
