Schulz Andreas, Wagner Thomas
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Universität Koblenz-Landau, Institut für Biologie, Universitätsstrasse 1, 56070, Koblenz, Germany.
Oecologia. 2002 Oct;133(2):224-232. doi: 10.1007/s00442-002-1010-9. Epub 2002 Oct 1.
The arboreal ant fauna was investigated in Budongo Forest, a seasonal rain forest in Uganda, using the insecticidal fogging technique. Ants were collected from 61 trees, between 7 and 33 m in height, belonging to four tree species. Trees were growing in adjacent plots of forests characterized by different use and structure: an old primary forest, a primary swamp forest along a small river, and a secondary forest where selective logging was carried out for 30 years. A total number of 37,065 ants, belonging to 161 species in 30 genera were collected. Considering the high number of species found only once, the completeness of the canopy ant fauna was relatively high and of relatively similar magnitude as samples from the Neotropics or the Oriental region. Up to 37 ant species on a single tree, with an average of 18.2 species per tree, were found. Forty-four ant species (28.1%) were found only once, less than ten individuals were found for each of 88 species (54.7%), but 64.0% of all individuals belonged to one of five species. Considering the high numerical dominance of a few ant species like a Pheidole sp., Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr) and a Crematogaster sp., there is some evidence for an ant mosaic in the lower canopy of the Budongo Forest. Individual numbers of ants were strongly correlated with nests in the fogged tree, though the ants were not homogeneously distributed in the tree crowns. Diversity measures that strongly depend on individual numbers such as the Morisita-Horn index or rarefaction methods were calculated, but results were not concordant with those of incidence-based estimates such as jack-knife calculations. Differences in ant species richness and faunal composition between tree species were low, but more significant between forest types. The ant fauna in the secondary forest was less diverse with 12.6% fewer species compared to the primary forest sites. The average number of ant species per tree was significantly lower in the secondary forest (<20% of the species; F=8.03, df=59, P<0.01) than in the undisturbed forest types. Cataulacus, Leptothorax, Tetraponera, and Polyrhachis, which are typical canopy-dwelling ant genera, had a significantly higher diversity and frequency in the two primary forest types (F=4.17, df=53, P<0.05). Secondary forest trees are often younger, lacking dead branches and epiphytes which are important requisites for ant colonization on trees.
利用杀虫喷雾技术，对乌干达季节性雨林布东戈森林中的树栖蚂蚁群落进行了调查。从61棵高度在7至33米之间、分属于4个树种的树上采集蚂蚁。这些树生长在相邻的、具有不同用途和结构的林区：一片古老的原始森林、一条小河沿岸的原始沼泽森林，以及一片进行了30年选择性采伐的次生林。共采集到37,065只蚂蚁，分属于30个属的161个物种。考虑到仅被发现一次的物种数量众多，树冠层蚂蚁群落的完整性相对较高，与新热带区或东洋区的样本规模较为相似。在单棵树上发现了多达37种蚂蚁，平均每棵树有18.2种。44种蚂蚁（28.1%）仅被发现一次，88种蚂蚁（54.7%）每种的发现数量少于10只，但所有个体的64.0%属于5个物种之一。鉴于诸如一种大头蚁属物种、尖刺铺道蚁（迈尔）和一种举腹蚁属物种等少数蚂蚁物种在数量上占主导地位，有证据表明布东戈森林下层树冠层存在蚂蚁镶嵌现象。尽管蚂蚁在树冠层中分布并不均匀，但蚂蚁个体数量与喷雾处理的树上的蚁巢密切相关。计算了强烈依赖个体数量的多样性指标，如森下-霍恩指数或稀疏化方法，但结果与基于发生率的估计方法（如刀切法计算）的结果不一致。不同树种之间蚂蚁物种丰富度和动物群落组成的差异较小，但森林类型之间的差异更为显著。次生林中的蚂蚁群落多样性较低，物种数量比原始森林地区少12.6%。次生林中每棵树的蚂蚁物种平均数量显著低于未受干扰的森林类型（<20%的物种；F = 8.03，自由度 = 59，P < 0.01）。卡陶蚁属、细胸蚁属、棱胸蚁属和多刺蚁属是典型的树冠栖息蚂蚁属，在两种原始森林类型中的多样性和出现频率显著更高（F = 4.17，自由度 = 53，P < 0.05）。次生林树木通常较年轻，缺乏死枝和附生植物，而这些是蚂蚁在树上栖息的重要条件。
