Thalamic cavernous malformations.

Cavernous malformations of the thalamus represent a particularly complex subset of cavernous malformations because of the highly eloquent nature of the involved tissue and their deep location. The decision about whether to operate on any individual lesion depends on the specific location of the lesion within the thalamus, the nature of the patient's symptoms, and the patient's history. When surgery is recommended, the approach must be chosen carefully. Each part of the thalamus is reached by a different surgical approach. These approaches include the orbitozygomatic approach to the anteroinferior thalamus, the anterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach to the medial thalamus, the anterior contralateral interhemispheric transcallosal approach to the lateral thalamus, the posterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach to the posterosuperior thalamus, the parieto-occipital transventricular approach to the lateral posteroinferior thalamus, and the suboccipital supracerebellar infratentorial/transtentorial approach to the medial posteroinferior thalamus. Careful attention to safe entry zones and image guidance can allow safe removal of these lesions when necessary.