Müller Alexandra
Dr Med, Gender Health and Justice Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town/ South Africa.
Health Hum Rights. 2016 Dec;18(2):195-208.
The framework of health and human rights provides for a comprehensive theoretical and practical application of general human rights principles in health care contexts that include the well-being of patients, providers, and other individuals within health care. This is particularly important for sexual and gender minority individuals, who experience historical and contemporary systematical marginalization, exclusion, and discrimination in health care contexts. In this paper, I present two case studies from South Africa to (1) highlight the conflicts that arise when sexual and gender minority individuals seek access to a heteronormative health system; (2) discuss the international, regional, and national human rights legal framework as it pertains to sexual orientation, gender identity, and health; and (3) analyze the gap between legislative frameworks that offer protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity and their actual implementation in health service provision. These case studies highlight the complex and intersecting discrimination and marginalization that sexual and gender minority individuals face in health care in this particular context. The issues raised in the case studies are not unique to South Africa, however; and the human rights concerns illustrated therein, particularly around the right to health, have wide resonance in other geographical and social contexts.
健康与人权框架规定了一般人权原则在医疗保健环境中的全面理论与实际应用，其中包括患者、医疗服务提供者以及医疗保健领域内其他人员的福祉。这对于性少数群体和性别少数群体个体而言尤为重要，因为他们在医疗保健环境中经历了历史上和当代系统性的边缘化、排斥及歧视。在本文中，我展示了来自南非的两个案例研究，以（1）突出性少数群体和性别少数群体个体在寻求进入异性规范的医疗体系时所产生的冲突；（2）讨论与性取向、性别认同和健康相关的国际、区域和国家人权法律框架；以及（3）分析基于性取向和性别认同提供免遭歧视保护的立法框架与其在医疗服务提供中的实际实施之间的差距。这些案例研究凸显了在这一特定背景下，性少数群体和性别少数群体个体在医疗保健中所面临的复杂且相互交织的歧视与边缘化问题。然而，案例研究中提出的问题并非南非所独有；其中所阐明的人权关切，尤其是围绕健康权的关切，在其他地理和社会背景中也引起了广泛共鸣。
