Pease Craig M
Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 915 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637.
Evolution. 1985 Mar;39(2):444-450. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05680.x.
Some empirical consequences of an isomorphism between the Lotka-Volterra competitive model and a coevolutionary competitive model are developed. In both the Lotka-Volterra and coevolutionary models, four competitive outcomes are possible: 1) species one wins, 2) species two wins, 3) indeterminate outcome, and 4) stable coexistence. These two models are isomorphic in the sense that the inequalities associated with a particular competitive outcome of the Lotka-Volterra model correspond in a one-to-one manner with similar inequalities associated with the same competitive outcome of the coevolutionary model. The inequalities of the Lotka-Volterra model involve the competition coefficients themselves, while the inequalities of the coevolutionary model involve the genetic variances and covariances of the competition coefficients. The isomorphism suggests some alternative interpretations of the results of classical laboratory studies of competition. The Lotka-Volterra (or ecological) hypotheses postulate that the competition coefficients are constant and that genetic considerations play no role in determining the competitive outcome. By contrast, the evolutionary hypotheses derived from the coevolutionary model postulate that the competition coefficients are variables and that the genetic variances and covariances of the competition coefficients determine the competitive outcome. The isomorphism is applied to competitive exclusion and coexistence, and to competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium. In particular, the evolutionary hypotheses isomorphic to the two classical explanations of competitive indeterminacy, the demographic stochasticity and genetic founder effect hypotheses, are constructed. The theory developed here and in a previous paper (Pease, 1984) provides one perspective on the relation among the Lotka-Volterra competition theory, quantitative genetics, competitive exclusion, the reversal of competitive dominance, coexistence, competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium, and experiments investigating the relation between genetic variability and the rate of evolution of fitness.
本文探讨了洛特卡 - 沃尔泰拉竞争模型与协同进化竞争模型同构所产生的一些实证结果。在洛特卡 - 沃尔泰拉模型和协同进化模型中，都可能出现四种竞争结果：1）物种一获胜；2）物种二获胜；3）不确定结果；4）稳定共存。这两个模型是同构的，即与洛特卡 - 沃尔泰拉模型特定竞争结果相关的不等式，与协同进化模型相同竞争结果的类似不等式一一对应。洛特卡 - 沃尔泰拉模型的不等式涉及竞争系数本身，而协同进化模型的不等式涉及竞争系数的遗传方差和协方差。这种同构为经典竞争实验室研究结果提供了一些不同的解释。洛特卡 - 沃尔泰拉（或生态）假说假定竞争系数是恒定的，并且遗传因素在决定竞争结果中不起作用。相比之下，从协同进化模型推导出来的进化假说假定竞争系数是可变的，并且竞争系数的遗传方差和协方差决定竞争结果。这种同构被应用于竞争排斥和共存，以及赤拟谷盗的竞争不确定性。特别是，构建了与竞争不确定性的两种经典解释（人口统计学随机性和遗传奠基者效应假说）同构的进化假说。本文以及之前一篇论文（皮斯，1984年）中提出的理论，为洛特卡 - 沃尔泰拉竞争理论、数量遗传学、竞争排斥、竞争优势逆转、共存、赤拟谷盗的竞争不确定性以及研究遗传变异性与适应度进化速率之间关系的实验之间的关系提供了一个视角。
