Pope Theresa R
Department of Wildlife and Range Sciences, 118 Newins Ziegler, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
Evolution. 1992 Aug;46(4):1112-1128. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb00623.x.
The relationship between social structure and partitioning of genetic variance was examined in two red howler monkey populations (W and G) in Venezuela, one of which (G) was undergoing rapid growth through colonization by new troops. Rates and patterns of gene flow had been determined through radiotelemetry and direct observation data on solitary migrants, and 10 years of troop censusing. Standard electrophoresis techniques were used to examine 29 loci in blood samples taken from 137 of the study animals. Analysis of genetic variance demonstrated: (1) a significantly high level of genetic variation among troops within populations (F = 0.225 for W and 0.142 for G), and (2) a significant excess of heterozygosity within troops relative to expected (F = -0.136 for W and -0.064 for G), despite relatively high levels of observed and inferred inbreeding in W. Differences between the populations in F values conformed to those predicted based on differences in colonization rate. Comparison of partitioning of genetic variance among different genealogical subsets of troops demonstrated that the pattern of genetic differentiation observed among troops within populations was promoted by an essentially single-male harem breeding structure, a very low rate of random exchange of breeding males among troops, and a high degree of relatedness among troop females. Between-troop genetic differentiation (F ) was thereby increased relative to that expected from other types of social organization, while the correlation between uniting gametes within troops (F ) was decreased. Genetic differentiation between populations (2%) corresponded to that predicted from migration rates. Such a mosaic of genetic variation, combined with differences in reproductive success observed among troops and a high troop failure rate, create conditions in which interdemic selection could result in more rapid spread of advantageous gene combinations than would be expected in a panmictic population, particularly in a colonizing situation in which the founder population is small.
在委内瑞拉的两个红吼猴种群（W和G）中，研究了社会结构与遗传变异分配之间的关系，其中一个种群（G）正通过新群体的迁入而快速增长。通过无线电遥测以及对独居迁徙者的直接观察数据和十年的群体普查，确定了基因流动的速率和模式。使用标准电泳技术检测了从137只研究动物采集的血样中的29个基因座。遗传变异分析表明：（1）种群内群体间存在显著高水平的遗传变异（W种群的F值为0.225，G种群的F值为0.142），以及（2）尽管W种群中观察到和推断出的近亲繁殖水平相对较高，但群体内杂合子相对于预期显著过量（W种群的F值为 -0.136，G种群的F值为 -0.064）。种群间F值的差异与基于殖民化速率差异预测的结果相符。对不同谱系群体子集间遗传变异分配的比较表明，种群内群体间观察到的遗传分化模式是由基本的单雄一雌多配偶制繁殖结构、群体间繁殖雄性随机交换的极低速率以及群体内雌性的高度亲缘关系所促成的。群体间的遗传分化（F）相对于其他社会组织类型预期的水平因此而增加，而群体内结合配子间的相关性（F）则降低。种群间的遗传分化（2%）与根据迁移率预测的结果相符。这种遗传变异的镶嵌模式，再加上群体间观察到的繁殖成功率差异和高群体失败率，创造了一种条件，在这种条件下，群体间选择可能导致有利基因组合的传播比在随机交配种群中预期的更快，特别是在奠基种群较小的殖民化情况下。
