Monteiro Antónia, Brakefield Paul M, French Vernon
Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, Kaiserstraat 63, Post Box 9516, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
Evolution. 1997 Aug;51(4):1207-1216. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03968.x.
The butterfly Bicyclus anynana has a series of distal eyespots on its wings. Each eyespot is composed of a white pupil, a black disc, and a gold outer ring. We applied artificial selection to the large dorsal eyespot on the forewing to produce a line with the gold ring reduced or absent (BLACK) and another line with a reduced black disc and a broad gold ring (GOLD). High heritabilities, coupled with a rapid response to selection, produced two lines of butterflies with very different phenotypes. Other eyespots showed a correlated change in the proportion of their color rings. Surgical experiments were performed on pupal wings from the different lines at the time of eyespot pattern specification. They showed that the additive genetic variance for this trait was in the response of the wing epidermis to signaling from the organizing cells at the eyespot center (the focus). This response was found to vary across different regions of the wing and also between the sexes. The particular eyespot color composition found for each sex, as well as the maintenance of the high genetic variation, are discussed with reference to the ecology of the butterfly, sexual selection, and visual selection by predators.
蝴蝶眼蝶（Bicyclus anynana）翅膀上有一系列位于远端的眼斑。每个眼斑由一个白色瞳孔、一个黑色圆盘和一个金色外环组成。我们对前翅上较大的背侧眼斑进行人工选择，培育出一个金色环缩小或缺失的品系（黑色品系）和另一个黑色圆盘缩小且金色环变宽的品系（金色品系）。高遗传力以及对选择的快速响应，培育出了两种具有非常不同表型的蝴蝶品系。其他眼斑的色环比例也出现了相关变化。在眼斑图案形成时，对来自不同品系的蛹翅进行了手术实验。结果表明，该性状的加性遗传方差体现在翅表皮对眼斑中心（焦点）组织细胞发出信号的响应上。研究发现，这种响应在翅的不同区域以及两性之间存在差异。结合蝴蝶的生态学、性选择和捕食者的视觉选择，讨论了每种性别所特有的眼斑颜色组成以及高遗传变异的维持情况。
