Gill Frank B, Mostrom Alison M, Mack Andrew L
The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Miami., FL, 33143, USA.
Evolution. 1993 Feb;47(1):195-212. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01210.x.
We surveyed mitochondrial DNA haplotype divergence within and between populations of six species of North American chickadees (Parus, Subgenus Poecile) with the following results. (1) Genotype diversities (range 0.3 to 0.7) and low nucleotide diversities (range 3 to 27 × 10 ) within populations were typical of known vertebrates. (2) The two widespread, northern species (atricapillus and hudsonicus) exhibit little mtDNA genetic differentiation throughout their previously glaciated continental distributions, most likely because of recent, postglacial range expansions. (3) Newfoundland populations of atricapillus and maritime province (Newfoundland plus Nova Scotia) populations of hudsonicus have distinct mtDNA haplotypes which differ from continental haplotypes by single restriction site changes. (4) Haplotypes of the southeastern U.S. species P. carolinensis divide into eastern and western sets which have diverged by three percent. This heretofore unrecognized, divided population structure may correspond to the Tombigbee River/ Mobile Bay disjunction known in some other vertebrate taxa. (5) Allopatric populations of the southwestern species sclateri and gambeli exhibit divergences of one and three percent respectively. (6) Prevailing interspecific divergence distances of three to seven percent suggest speciation early in the Pleistocene rather than during late (e.g., Wisconsin) glaciations. (7) Phylogenetic analyses suggest that North American taxa include two clades, hudsonicus-rufescens-sclateri versus carolinensis-atricapillus-gambeli and that carolinensis and atricapillus are not sister species.
我们对北美六种山雀（雀属，波氏雀亚属）种群内部和种群之间的线粒体DNA单倍型差异进行了调查，结果如下：（1）种群内的基因型多样性（范围为0.3至0.7）和低核苷酸多样性（范围为3至27×10 ）是已知脊椎动物的典型特征。（2）两种分布广泛的北方物种（黑头山雀和哈德逊山雀）在其先前遭受冰川作用的大陆分布范围内，线粒体DNA遗传分化很小，这很可能是由于近期冰期后的范围扩张。（3）黑头山雀的纽芬兰种群和哈德逊山雀的海洋省份（纽芬兰加新斯科舍省）种群具有独特的线粒体DNA单倍型，这些单倍型与大陆单倍型的差异在于单个限制性位点的变化。（4）美国东南部物种卡罗莱纳山雀的单倍型分为东部和西部两组，它们已经分化了3%。这种迄今为止未被认识到的、分化的种群结构可能与在其他一些脊椎动物类群中已知的汤比格比河/莫比尔湾间断分布相对应。（5）西南物种斯氏山雀和甘氏山雀的异域种群分别表现出1%和3%的分化。（6）普遍的种间分化距离为3%至7%，这表明物种形成发生在更新世早期，而不是在晚期（如威斯康星）冰川期。（7）系统发育分析表明，北美类群包括两个分支，即哈德逊山雀-红腹山雀-斯氏山雀分支与卡罗莱纳山雀-黑头山雀-甘氏山雀分支，并且卡罗莱纳山雀和黑头山雀不是姐妹物种。
