Wenink Paul W, Baker Allan J, Rösner Hans-Ulrich, Tilanus Marcel G J
Department of Ornithology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada.
Department of Animal Morphology and Experimental Cell Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Evolution. 1996 Feb;50(1):318-330. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04495.x.
Comparison of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region sequences of 155 dunlins from 15 breeding populations confirmed the existence of five major phylogeographic groups in the circumpolar breeding range of this migratory shorebird species. Time estimates of the origin of groups, based on sequence divergences and a molecular clock for birds, suggest a scenario of repeated fragmentation of populations in isolated tundra refugia during the late Pleistocene. The distribution of about three-quarters of all detected molecular variance between phylogeographic groups attests to the strongly subdivided genetic population structure in dunlins that is being maintained by natal philopatry. Each mtDNA phylogeographic group can be related to a morphometrically defined subspecies, but several other recognized subspecies are not supported by monophyletic mtDNA lineages within their purported ranges. More detailed analysis of several European populations reveals low amounts of gene flow and the partitioning of a substantial fraction of molecular variance between them. This ongoing evolution of population-genetic structuring within the European phylogeographic group most likely started with the last retreat of the ice sheets some 10,000 years ago. Dunlins thus provide one of the clearest examples of the linkage between historical and contemporary components of mtDNA phylogeographic structuring in birds.
对来自15个繁殖种群的155只黑腹滨鹬的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区序列进行比较，证实了在这种迁徙滨鸟物种的环北极繁殖范围内存在五个主要的系统地理群。根据序列差异和鸟类分子钟对各群体起源时间的估计表明，在更新世晚期，孤立的苔原避难所中的种群曾多次发生分裂。所有检测到的分子变异中约四分之三分布在系统地理群之间，这证明了黑腹滨鹬中由出生地忠诚度维持的高度细分的遗传种群结构。每个mtDNA系统地理群都可以与一个形态学定义的亚种相关，但其他几个公认的亚种在其声称的范围内并没有单系mtDNA谱系的支持。对几个欧洲种群的更详细分析显示，基因流水平较低，且它们之间存在相当一部分分子变异的划分。欧洲系统地理群内这种种群遗传结构的持续演变很可能始于约1万年前冰盖的最后一次退缩。因此，黑腹滨鹬为鸟类mtDNA系统地理结构的历史和当代组成部分之间的联系提供了最清晰的例子之一。
