Ashur Molly M, Johnston Nicole K, Dixson Danielle L
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 111 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30363, USA.
Integr Comp Biol. 2017 Jul 1;57(1):63-80. doi: 10.1093/icb/icx010.
Ocean acidification has been identified as a major contributor to ocean ecosystem decline, impacting the calcification, survival, and behavior of marine organisms. Numerous studies have observed altered sensory perception of chemical, auditory, and visual cues after exposure to elevated CO2. Sensory systems enable the observation of the external environment and therefore play a critical role in survival, communication, and behavior of marine organisms. This review seeks to (1) summarize the current knowledge of sensory impairment caused by ocean acidification, (2) discuss potential mechanisms behind this disruption, and (3) analyze the expected taxa differences in sensitivities to elevated CO2 conditions. Although a lack of standardized methodology makes cross-study comparisons challenging, trends and biases arise from this synthesis including a substantial focus on vertebrates, larvae or juveniles, the reef ecosystem, and chemosensory perception. Future studies must broaden the scope of the field by diversifying the taxa and ecosystems studied, incorporating ontogenetic comparisons, and focusing on cryptic sensory systems such as electroreception, magnetic sense, and the lateral line system. A discussion of possible mechanisms reveals GABAA receptor reversal as the conspicuous physiological mechanism. However, the potential remains for alternative disruption through structure or cue changes. Finally, a taxonomic comparison of physiological complexity reveals few trends in sensory sensitivities to lowered pH, but we hypothesize potential correlations relating to habitat, life history or relative use of sensory systems. Elevated CO2, in concordance with other global and local stressors, has the potential to drastically shift community composition and structure. Therefore research addressing the extent of sensory impairment, the underlying mechanisms, and the differences between taxa is vital for improved predictions of organismal response to ocean acidification.
海洋酸化已被确认为海洋生态系统衰退的主要促成因素，影响着海洋生物的钙化、生存和行为。众多研究观察到，海洋生物暴露于升高的二氧化碳环境后，其对化学、听觉和视觉线索的感官感知发生了改变。感官系统使生物能够观察外部环境，因此在海洋生物的生存、交流和行为中起着关键作用。本综述旨在：（1）总结当前关于海洋酸化导致感官损伤的知识；（2）讨论这种破坏背后的潜在机制；（3）分析不同分类群对升高的二氧化碳条件敏感性的预期差异。尽管缺乏标准化方法使得跨研究比较具有挑战性，但综合分析仍出现了一些趋势和偏差，包括大量研究集中在脊椎动物、幼体或幼鱼、珊瑚礁生态系统以及化学感官感知方面。未来的研究必须通过使研究的分类群和生态系统多样化、纳入个体发育比较以及关注电感受、磁感和侧线系统等隐秘感官系统，来拓宽该领域的研究范围。对可能机制的讨论揭示了GABAA受体反转是显著的生理机制。然而，仍有可能通过结构或线索变化产生其他破坏。最后，对生理复杂性的分类学比较显示，在对降低pH值的感官敏感性方面几乎没有趋势，但我们推测可能与栖息地、生活史或感官系统的相对使用有关。与其他全球和局部压力源一致，升高的二氧化碳有可能极大地改变群落组成和结构。因此，研究感官损伤的程度、潜在机制以及不同分类群之间的差异，对于更好地预测生物对海洋酸化的反应至关重要。
