Radiation and Immune Checkpoint Blockade: From Bench to Clinic.

Immune escape of malignant cells is an important hallmark of cancer, necessary for tumor formation and progression. Accordingly, in recent years, therapies that enhance the immune system have had remarkable success in treating a myriad of malignancies. Particularly successful has been immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which is a therapy that targets T-cell inhibitory receptors, or immune checkpoints. Despite these encouraging clinical results, most patients do not respond to such agents. Therefore, determining methods to better target and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ICB is of paramount importance. One appealing approach is to use standard anticancer therapies, such as radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted biologics, to favorably modulate the immune system and enhance the anticancer immune response. For example, although radiation therapy has classically been thought of as a local therapy, there is significant potential for combining radiation therapy with ICB to both optimize local control and to treat metastatic disease. This concept is supported by numerous preclinical studies and clinical case reports and has since led to many early and ongoing clinical trials. However, it is still unclear how to optimally combine radiation and ICB to maximize the therapeutic effect. In this review, we highlight relevant preclinical and clinical studies in the field of radiation and ICB and discuss optimal strategies for combination therapies moving forward.