Evolution of the fusogenic activity of the receptor FGFRL1.

FGFRL1 is a transmembrane receptor that can induce the fusion of CHO cells to multinucleated syncytia. This cell fusion activity has been attributed to the extracellular Ig3 domain of the receptor. We investigated how the fusogenic activity evolved during the evolution of animals. We found that the Ig3 domain from humans, mice, chicken and fish stimulates fusion of CHO cells, while the Ig3 domain from lancelet and sea urchin does not. It is therefore conceivable that the fusogenic activity of FGFRL1 developed during the evolution of vertebrates. Bony fish contain two copies of the FGFRL1 gene because they have undergone a whole-genome duplication. One of the corresponding proteins (FGFRL1a) induces cell-cell fusion, while the other (FGFRL1b) does not. Analysis of chimeric constructs and in vitro mutagenesis suggested that FGFRL1b has lost its fusogenic activity after duplication. A rescue experiment supported this conclusion. When four amino acids were changed, the Ig3 domain of FGFRL1b was converted into an active, fusogenic protein comparable to FGFRL1a. The four amino acids are located in a hydrophobic pocket of the Ig3 domain. It is likely that this hydrophobic pocket interacts with a target molecule on the membrane of adjacent cells to induce cell-cell fusion.