Alarcón Daniel E, Bonardi Charlotte, Delamater Andrew R
1 Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, USA.
2 School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2018 Jul;71(7):1607-1625. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1342671. Epub 2018 Jan 1.
Four experiments compared the effect of forward and backward conditioning procedures on the ability of conditioned stimuli (CS) to elevate instrumental responding in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task. Two responses were each trained with one distinct outcome (R->O, R->O), either concurrently (Experiment 1) or separately (Experiments 2, 3 and 4). Then, in Experiments 1 and 2, four CSs were either followed or preceded by one outcome (A->O, B->O O->C, O->D). In Experiment 3, each CS was preceded and followed by an outcome: for one group of participants, both outcomes were identical (e.g., O->A->O, O->B->O), but for the other, they were different (e.g., O->A->O, O->B->O). In Experiment 4, two CSs were preceded and followed by identical outcomes, and two CSs by different outcomes. In the PIT tests, participants performed R and R in the presence and absence of the CSs. In Experiments 1 and 2, only the CSs followed by outcomes in Pavlovian training elevated responding. In Experiments 3 and 4, all the CSs elevated responding but based on the outcome that followed them in training. These results support the stimulus-outcome-response (S-O-R) mechanism of specific PIT, according to which CSs elevate responding via activation of its associated outcome representation.
四项实验比较了正向和反向条件作用程序对条件刺激（CS）在巴甫洛夫到工具性转移（PIT）任务中提高工具性反应能力的影响。两种反应分别用一种不同的结果进行训练（R->O，R->O），要么同时进行（实验1），要么分开进行（实验2、3和4）。然后，在实验1和2中，四个CS要么在一个结果之前出现，要么在其之后出现（A->O，B->O，O->C，O->D）。在实验3中，每个CS之前和之后都有一个结果：对于一组参与者，两个结果是相同的（例如，O->A->O，O->B->O），但对于另一组，它们是不同的（例如，O->A->O，O->B->O）。在实验4中，两个CS之前和之后有相同的结果，另外两个CS有不同的结果。在PIT测试中，参与者在有和没有CS的情况下执行R和R。在实验1和2中，只有在巴甫洛夫训练中之后有结果的CS提高了反应。在实验3和4中，所有的CS都提高了反应，但这是基于它们在训练中之后出现的结果。这些结果支持了特定PIT的刺激-结果-反应（S-O-R）机制，根据该机制，CS通过激活其相关的结果表征来提高反应。
