Winsa Marie, Öckinger Erik, Bommarco Riccardo, Lindborg Regina, Roberts Stuart P M, Wärnsberg Johanna, Bartomeus Ignasi
Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden.
Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden.
Ecol Evol. 2017 Apr 19;7(11):3836-3846. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2924. eCollection 2017 Jun.
Habitat restoration is a key measure to counteract negative impacts on biodiversity from habitat loss and fragmentation. To assess success in restoring not only biodiversity, but also functionality of communities, we should take into account the re-assembly of species trait composition across taxa. Attaining such functional restoration would depend on the landscape context, vegetation structure, and time since restoration. We assessed how trait composition of plant and pollinator (bee and hoverfly) communities differ between abandoned, restored (formerly abandoned) or continuously grazed (intact) semi-natural pastures. In restored pastures, we also explored trait composition in relation to landscape context, vegetation structure, and pasture management history. Abandoned pastures differed from intact and restored pastures in trait composition of plant communities, and as expected, had lower abundances of species with traits associated with grazing adaptations. Further, plant trait composition in restored pastures became increasingly similar to that in intact pastures with increasing time since restoration. On the contrary, the trait composition of pollinator communities in both abandoned and restored pastures remained similar to intact pastures. The trait composition for both bees and hoverflies was influenced by flower abundance and, for bees, by connectivity to other intact grasslands in the landscape. The divergent responses across organism groups appeared to be mainly related to the limited dispersal ability and long individual life span in plants, the high mobility of pollinators, and the dependency of semi-natural habitat for bees. Our results, encompassing restoration effects on trait composition for multiple taxa along a gradient in both time (time since restoration) and space (connectivity), reveal how interacting communities of plants and pollinators are shaped by different trait-environmental relationships. Complete functional restoration of pastures needs for more detailed assessments of both plants dispersal in time and of resources available within pollinator dispersal range.
栖息地恢复是应对栖息地丧失和破碎化对生物多样性产生负面影响的关键措施。为了评估恢复生物多样性以及群落功能的成效，我们应考虑跨分类群的物种性状组成的重新组合。实现这种功能恢复将取决于景观背景、植被结构以及恢复后的时间。我们评估了废弃的、恢复的（以前废弃的）或持续放牧的（完整的）半天然牧场中植物和传粉者（蜜蜂和食蚜蝇）群落的性状组成有何不同。在恢复的牧场中，我们还探讨了与景观背景、植被结构和牧场管理历史相关的性状组成。废弃牧场在植物群落的性状组成上与完整牧场和恢复牧场不同，正如预期的那样，具有与放牧适应相关性状的物种丰度较低。此外，恢复牧场中的植物性状组成随着恢复后的时间增加，越来越类似于完整牧场中的性状组成。相反，废弃牧场和恢复牧场中传粉者群落的性状组成与完整牧场保持相似。蜜蜂和食蚜蝇的性状组成都受到花朵丰度的影响，对于蜜蜂来说，还受到与景观中其他完整草地连通性的影响。不同生物群体的不同反应似乎主要与植物有限的扩散能力和较长的个体寿命、传粉者的高流动性以及蜜蜂对半天然栖息地的依赖性有关。我们的研究结果涵盖了在时间（恢复后的时间）和空间（连通性）梯度上对多个分类群性状组成的恢复效果，揭示了植物和传粉者相互作用的群落是如何由不同的性状 - 环境关系塑造的。牧场的完全功能恢复需要更详细地评估植物在时间上的扩散以及传粉者扩散范围内可用的资源。
