Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3701; email:
Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2017 Sep 15;3:1-24. doi: 10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061345. Epub 2017 Jun 15.
Visual signals in the vertebrate retina are shaped by feedback and feedforward inhibition in two synaptic layers. In one, horizontal cells establish fundamental center-surround receptive-field properties via morphologically and physiologically complex synapses with photoreceptors and bipolar cells. In the other, a panoply of amacrine cells imbue ganglion cell responses with spatiotemporally complex information about the visual world. Here, I review current ideas about horizontal cell signaling, considering the evidence for and against the leading, competing theories. I also discuss recent work that has begun to make sense of the remarkable morphological and physiological diversity of amacrine cells. These latter efforts have been aided tremendously by increasingly complete connectivity maps of inner retinal circuitry and new genetic tools that enable study of individual, sparsely expressed amacrine cell types.
脊椎动物视网膜中的视觉信号通过两个突触层中的反馈和前馈抑制来形成。在一个层中，水平细胞通过与光感受器和双极细胞具有形态和生理复杂性的突触建立基本的中心-环绕感受野特性。在另一个层中，各种各样的无长突细胞赋予神经节细胞反应关于视觉世界的时空复杂信息。在这里，我回顾了关于水平细胞信号的当前观点，考虑了支持和反对主要竞争理论的证据。我还讨论了最近开始理解无长突细胞惊人的形态和生理多样性的工作。这些努力极大地得益于内视网膜回路连接图的日益完善和新的遗传工具，这些工具使研究个别、稀疏表达的无长突细胞类型成为可能。
