Boucher Kathryn L, Fuesting Melissa A, Diekman Amanda B, Murphy Mary C
School of Psychological Sciences, University of IndianapolisIndianapolis, IN, United States.
Department of Psychology, Miami UniversityOxford, OH, United States.
Front Psychol. 2017 May 31;8:901. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00901. eCollection 2017.
Although science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines as a whole have made advances in gender parity and greater inclusion for women, these increases have been smaller or nonexistent in computing and engineering compared to other fields. In this focused review, we discuss how stereotypic perceptions of computing and engineering influence who enters, stays, and excels in these fields. We focus on -the idea that some STEM disciplines like engineering and computing are perceived as less aligned with people's communal goals of collaboration and helping others. In Part 1, we review the empirical literature that demonstrates how perceptions that these disciplines are incongruent with communal goals can especially deter women and girls, who highly endorse communal goals. In Part 2, we extend this perspective by reviewing accumulating evidence that perceived communal goal incongruity can deter individual who values communal goals. Communal opportunities within computing and engineering have the potential to benefit first generation college students, underrepresented minority students, and communally-oriented men (as well as communally-oriented women). We describe the implications of this body of literature: describing how opting out of STEM in order to pursue fields perceived to encourage the pursuit of communal goals leave the stereotypic (mis)perceptions of computing and engineering unchanged and exacerbate female underrepresentation. In Part 3, we close with recommendations for how communal opportunities in computing and engineering can be highlighted to increase interest and motivation. By better integrating and publically acknowledging communal opportunities, the stereotypic perceptions of these fields could gradually change, making computing and engineering more inclusive and welcoming to all.
尽管科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）学科作为一个整体在性别平等和提高女性包容性方面取得了进展，但与其他领域相比，计算机科学和工程领域的这些进步较小或不存在。在这篇重点综述中，我们讨论了对计算机科学和工程的刻板认知如何影响进入、留在这些领域并在其中取得优异成绩的人群。我们关注的观点是，像工程和计算机科学这样的一些STEM学科被认为与人们合作和帮助他人的共同目标不太一致。在第一部分，我们回顾了实证文献，这些文献表明，认为这些学科与共同目标不一致的认知如何特别阻碍那些高度认同共同目标的女性和女孩。在第二部分，我们通过回顾越来越多的证据来扩展这一观点，即感知到的共同目标不一致会阻碍重视共同目标的个体。计算机科学和工程领域内的共同机会有可能使第一代大学生、代表性不足的少数族裔学生以及注重集体的男性（以及注重集体的女性）受益。我们描述了这一系列文献的影响：描述了为了追求被认为鼓励追求共同目标的领域而选择退出STEM如何使对计算机科学和工程的刻板（错误）认知保持不变，并加剧女性代表性不足的问题。在第三部分，我们最后提出了关于如何突出计算机科学和工程领域的共同机会以增加兴趣和动力的建议。通过更好地整合并公开承认共同机会，这些领域的刻板认知可能会逐渐改变，使计算机科学和工程对所有人更具包容性和吸引力。
