Genomic evaluation of age at first calving.

From their time of birth until their first lactation, dairy heifers incur management, health, and feed expenses while not producing milk. Much effort has been made to estimate optimal ages of first calving (AFC) for cows to reduce these costs, which can be as high as $2.50 per day, and ensure that animals are productive earlier in life. To identify AFC for 3 dairy cattle breeds (Holstein, Jersey, and Brown Swiss) that maximizes production, we retrieved phenotypic records for more than 14 million cows calving between 1997 and 2015 from the US national dairy database. The mean AFC for Holstein and Jersey has decreased by 2.4 and 2.7 mo, respectively, since 2006. When comparing the association of AFC with production and fertility traits, we found that decreased AFC was correlated with greater fertility and higher milk yield for all but the earliest group (18 to 20 mo). We also identified an unfavorable correlation of lower AFC with increasing stillbirth rates in Holstein (0.047 least squares means compared with a baseline of 24 mo) and Brown Swiss (0.062 least squares means). Finally, we identified favorable genetic correlations of lower AFC with lifetime net merit, heifer conception rate, cow conception rate, and daughter pregnancy rate in Holstein and Jersey cattle, and favorable correlations for net merit and heifer conception rate in Brown Swiss. To maximize lifetime production and reduce the effects of AFC on stillbirth, the AFC that maximizes production for Holstein and Brown Swiss is 21 to 22 mo, and for Jersey it is 20 to 21 mo. However, the effect of AFC on stillbirth reduces the benefits of calving at very young ages. Calculated genomic predicted transmitting ability for AFC showed an improvement in reliability of 20 percentage points in genomic young bulls compared with parent averages in Holstein, suggesting that genomic testing can improve selection for this trait.