DeForest David K, Santore Robert C, Ryan Adam C, Church Brian G, Chowdhury M Jasim, Brix Kevin V
Windward Environmental, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Windward Environmental, Syracuse, New York, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2017 Nov;36(11):2965-2973. doi: 10.1002/etc.3861. Epub 2017 Jul 10.
The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) current ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for lead (Pb) in freshwater were developed in 1984. The criteria are adjusted for hardness, but more recent studies have demonstrated that other parameters, especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH, have a much stronger influence on Pb bioavailability. These recent studies have been used to support development of a biotic ligand model (BLM) for Pb in freshwater, such that acute and chronic Pb toxicity can be predicted over a wide range of water chemistry conditions. Following USEPA guidelines for AWQC development and using a methodology consistent with that used by the USEPA in developing its recommended BLM-based criteria for copper in 2007, we propose acute and chronic BLM-based AWQC for Pb in freshwater. In addition to the application of the BLM approach that can better account for site-specific Pb bioavailability, the toxicity data sets presented are much more robust than in 1984, and there are now sufficient chronic Pb toxicity data available that use of an acute-to-chronic ratio is no longer necessary. Over a range of North American surface waters with representative water chemistry conditions, proposed acute BLM-based Pb criteria ranged from approximately 20 to 1000 μg/L and chronic BLM-based Pb criteria ranged from approximately 0.3 to 40 μg/L. The lowest criteria were for water with low DOC (1.2 mg/L), pH (6.7), and hardness (4.3 mg/L as CaCO3), whereas the highest criteria were for water with high DOC (9.8 mg/L), pH (8.2), and hardness (288 mg/L as CaCO ). Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2965-2973. © 2017 SETAC.
美国环境保护局（USEPA）现行的淡水中铅（Pb）的环境水质标准（AWQC）于1984年制定。这些标准针对硬度进行了调整，但最近的研究表明，其他参数，尤其是溶解有机碳（DOC）和pH值，对铅的生物有效性有更强的影响。这些最新研究已被用于支持开发淡水中铅的生物配体模型（BLM），从而能够在广泛的水化学条件下预测急性和慢性铅毒性。遵循USEPA制定AWQC的指导方针，并采用与USEPA在2007年制定其推荐的基于BLM的铜标准时所使用的方法一致的方法，我们提出了基于BLM的淡水中铅的急性和慢性AWQC。除了应用能够更好地考虑特定地点铅生物有效性的BLM方法外，所呈现的毒性数据集比1984年的要强大得多，并且现在有足够的慢性铅毒性数据，不再需要使用急性-慢性比率。在一系列具有代表性水化学条件的北美地表水中，基于BLM提出的急性铅标准范围约为20至1000μg/L，基于BLM的慢性铅标准范围约为0.3至40μg/L。最低标准适用于DOC（1.2mg/L）、pH（6.7）和硬度（以CaCO3计为4.3mg/L）较低的水，而最高标准适用于DOC（9.8mg/L）、pH（8.2）和硬度（以CaCO计为288mg/L）较高的水。《环境毒理学与化学》2017年；36：2965 - 2973。©2017 SETAC。
