Kumar Vikas, Choudhry Ishwari, Namdev Ankit, Mishra Sumit, Soni Sourabh, Hurkat Pooja, Jain Ashish, Jain Dharmendra
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, (MP), India.
Curr Diabetes Rev. 2018;14(6):497-508. doi: 10.2174/1573399813666170621122742.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disorder of glucose metabolism marked by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, hyperlipidemia, negative nitrogen balance and ketonaemia. DM is a major healthcare problems today and its treatment costs billions of dollars worldwide annually. The cases of diabetes have increased rapidly in recent years throughout the world. Currently, for the management of Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM), Multiple Daily Insulin (MDI) injections is the most popular treatment. Oral administration of insulin is the most suitable and attractive as compared to subcutaneous route but unfortunately cannot be utilized for the administration of peptides and proteins due to poor epithelial permeability and enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal tract. Since many years, extensive research has been carried out to explore the potential ways of insulin administration based on novel methods such as liposome, microsphere, nanoparticle, mouth dissolving strips, sprays exploiting oral and pulmonary route. These next generation efficient therapies for T1DM may help to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients especially in Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM).
This review emphasizes on the most recent progress made in the development of oral insulin delivery formulations, and focuses on key lessons and implications from studies undertaken till date with the oral insulin formulations. Further, this review analyzes effectiveness of the advancements, applications and limitations of the technologies in delivering insulin to the targeted site through oral administration.
糖尿病（DM）是一种糖代谢紊乱疾病，其特征为高血糖、糖尿、高脂血症、负氮平衡和酮血症。糖尿病是当今主要的医疗保健问题，其治疗在全球每年花费数十亿美元。近年来，全球糖尿病病例迅速增加。目前，对于1型糖尿病（TIDM）的管理，多次每日胰岛素（MDI）注射是最常用的治疗方法。与皮下给药途径相比，口服胰岛素是最合适且最具吸引力的给药方式，但不幸的是，由于上皮通透性差和胃肠道内的酶降解作用，口服胰岛素不能用于肽和蛋白质的给药。多年来，人们进行了广泛的研究，以探索基于脂质体、微球、纳米颗粒、口腔崩解条、利用口服和肺部途径的喷雾剂等新方法的胰岛素给药潜在途径。这些用于T1DM的下一代高效疗法可能有助于改善糖尿病患者的生活质量，尤其是在胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（IDDM）患者中。
本综述强调了口服胰岛素递送制剂开发方面的最新进展，并重点关注了迄今为止口服胰岛素制剂研究的关键经验教训和启示。此外，本综述分析了通过口服给药将胰岛素递送至靶部位的技术进展、应用和局限性的有效性。
