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早期宇宙中一个巨大的死亡盘状星系。

A massive, dead disk galaxy in the early Universe.

作者信息

Toft Sune, Zabl Johannes, Richard Johan, Gallazzi Anna, Zibetti Stefano, Prescott Moire, Grillo Claudio, Man Allison W S, Lee Nicholas Y, Gómez-Guijarro Carlos, Stockmann Mikkel, Magdis Georgios, Steinhardt Charles L

机构信息

Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 32, København Ø, 2100, Denmark.

Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31400 Toulouse, France.

出版信息

Nature. 2017 Jun 21;546(7659):510-513. doi: 10.1038/nature22388.

DOI:10.1038/nature22388
PMID:28640271
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6485677/
Abstract

At redshift z = 2, when the Universe was just three billion years old, half of the most massive galaxies were extremely compact and had already exhausted their fuel for star formation. It is believed that they were formed in intense nuclear starbursts and that they ultimately grew into the most massive local elliptical galaxies seen today, through mergers with minor companions, but validating this picture requires higher-resolution observations of their centres than is currently possible. Magnification from gravitational lensing offers an opportunity to resolve the inner regions of galaxies. Here we report an analysis of the stellar populations and kinematics of a lensed z = 2.1478 compact galaxy, which-surprisingly-turns out to be a fast-spinning, rotationally supported disk galaxy. Its stars must have formed in a disk, rather than in a merger-driven nuclear starburst. The galaxy was probably fed by streams of cold gas, which were able to penetrate the hot halo gas until they were cut off by shock heating from the dark matter halo. This result confirms previous indirect indications that the first galaxies to cease star formation must have gone through major changes not just in their structure, but also in their kinematics, to evolve into present-day elliptical galaxies.

摘要

在红移量z = 2时，也就是宇宙只有30亿岁的时候，一半质量最大的星系极其紧凑，并且已经耗尽了它们的恒星形成燃料。据信，它们是在强烈的核星暴中形成的，并且最终通过与较小伴星的合并，成长为如今所见的质量最大的本地椭圆星系，但是要验证这一图景，需要对它们的中心进行比目前所能做到的更高分辨率的观测。引力透镜放大效应提供了一个解析星系内部区域的机会。在此，我们报告了对一个红移量z = 2.1478的透镜化紧凑星系的恒星族群和运动学的分析，结果令人惊讶地发现，它是一个快速旋转、由旋转支撑的盘状星系。它的恒星必定是在一个盘中形成的，而不是在由合并驱动的核星暴中形成。这个星系可能是由冷气体流提供物质的，这些冷气体能够穿透热的晕气体，直到它们被暗物质晕的激波加热切断。这一结果证实了先前的间接迹象，即最早停止恒星形成的星系必定不仅在结构上，而且在运动学上经历了重大变化，才能演化成如今的椭圆星系。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/18de5710fd51/emss-72473-f004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/ca44f8addcc9/emss-72473-f005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/cad2a421538b/emss-72473-f006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/158df5326ea3/emss-72473-f007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/30265f605928/emss-72473-f008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/0518249e8a8e/emss-72473-f009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/2a576295715b/emss-72473-f010.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/c995f213779f/emss-72473-f011.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/8c0679948133/emss-72473-f012.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/922affe7d2b6/emss-72473-f001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/9e1b27b05942/emss-72473-f002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/ee62300c2aa4/emss-72473-f003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/18de5710fd51/emss-72473-f004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/ca44f8addcc9/emss-72473-f005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/cad2a421538b/emss-72473-f006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/158df5326ea3/emss-72473-f007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/30265f605928/emss-72473-f008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/0518249e8a8e/emss-72473-f009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/2a576295715b/emss-72473-f010.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/c995f213779f/emss-72473-f011.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/8c0679948133/emss-72473-f012.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/922affe7d2b6/emss-72473-f001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/9e1b27b05942/emss-72473-f002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/ee62300c2aa4/emss-72473-f003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9ce9/6485677/18de5710fd51/emss-72473-f004.jpg

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本文引用的文献

1
Galaxy evolution. Evidence for mature bulges and an inside-out quenching phase 3 billion years after the Big Bang.星系演化。大爆炸后 30 亿年，成熟星系核球和内禀消光阶段的证据。
Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1261094.