Hernández-Canchola Giovani, León-Paniagua Livia
Museo de Zoología - Mastozoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
Museo de Zoología - Mastozoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2017 Sep;114:334-345. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.015. Epub 2017 Jun 21.
With 22 species, Sturnira is the most speciose genus of frugivorous Neotropical bats. Sturnira parvidens inhabits lowland tropical areas from Mexico to Central America. The elevation of this taxon to species level was recent, and discrepancies with respect to its geographic limits and phylogenetic position continue to exist. In order to identify genetic and ecological processes likely involved in the diversification and current distribution of S. parvidens, we evaluated relationships, researched phylogeographic and demographic history, and tested the divergence/conservatism of the climatic niche of this bat. We used data from mitochondrial loci (cytochrome b and the hypervariable D-loop region I) and the nuclear recombination activating gene 1, in 173 samples of S. parvidens and 77 samples of related species. We performed Bayesian analyses to infer phylogenetic relationships and analyzed phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity, divergence times and historical demography. Sturnira bakeri is the sister group of S. parvidens, and inhabits Western Ecuador. The two species diverged c. 1.84Ma, and their distributions are disjunct and separated by Sturnira luisi. Within S. parvidens there are two haplogroups with nearly allopatric distributions that are limited to the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the Mexican Pacific Slope. The divergence time between haplogroups was c. 0.423Ma and we detected signals of demographic expansion. We also analyzed 526 occurrence data of S. parvidens to test for changes in environmental niche of this species. We detected signals of divergence of climatic niche, mainly in temperature and seasonality variables. Likely, both genetic and ecological processes have shaped the evolutionary history of S. parvidens. Despite many climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene, only the most intense oscillations had an impact on these bats. In addition, ecological differentiation prevents admixture of genetic lineages that are in contact and lack apparent geographical barriers at the southern Sierra Madre del Sur. We concluded that speciation in Sturnira was promoted by this taxon's ability to colonize new geographical and environmental spaces and form genetically structured groups when populations become isolated.
食果蝠属（Sturnira）有22个物种，是新热带地区食果蝠中物种最为丰富的属。小齿食果蝠（Sturnira parvidens）栖息于从墨西哥到中美洲的低地热带地区。该分类单元提升到物种水平是最近的事，关于其地理范围和系统发育位置仍存在差异。为了确定可能参与小齿食果蝠多样化和当前分布的遗传和生态过程，我们评估了其亲缘关系，研究了系统发育地理和种群历史，并测试了这种蝙蝠气候生态位的分化/保守性。我们使用了来自线粒体基因座（细胞色素b和高变D环区域I）以及核重组激活基因1的数据，这些数据来自173个小齿食果蝠样本和77个相关物种的样本。我们进行了贝叶斯分析以推断系统发育关系，并分析了系统发育地理结构、遗传多样性、分化时间和历史种群动态。巴氏食果蝠（Sturnira bakeri）是小齿食果蝠的姐妹群，栖息于厄瓜多尔西部。这两个物种大约在184万年前分化，它们的分布不连续，被路氏食果蝠（Sturnira luisi）隔开。在小齿食果蝠内部有两个单倍群，其分布几乎异域，仅限于墨西哥太平洋沿岸的南马德雷山脉。单倍群之间的分化时间约为42.3万年前，我们检测到了种群扩张的信号。我们还分析了526个小齿食果蝠的出现数据，以测试该物种环境生态位的变化。我们检测到了气候生态位分化的信号，主要体现在温度和季节性变量上。很可能，遗传和生态过程都塑造了小齿食果蝠的进化历史。尽管在更新世期间有许多气候波动，但只有最强烈的振荡对这些蝙蝠产生了影响。此外，生态分化阻止了在南马德雷山脉南部接触且缺乏明显地理障碍的遗传谱系的混合。我们得出结论，食果蝠属的物种形成是由该分类单元在种群隔离时开拓新的地理和环境空间并形成遗传结构化群体的能力所推动。
