Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 31;607-608:225-242. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.274. Epub 2017 Jul 27.
Organic nutrient sources such as farmyard manure, sewage sludge, their biogas digestates or other animal by-products can be valuable fertilizers delivering organic matter to the soil. Currently, especially phosphorus (P) is in the focus of research since it is an essential plant nutrient with finite resources, estimated to last only for some more decades. Efficient utilization of organic P sources in agriculture will help to preserve P resources and thereby has the potential to close nutrient cycles and prevent unwanted P-losses to the environment, one of the major causes for eutrophication of water bodies. Unfortunately, organic P sources usually contain also various detrimental substances, such as potentially toxic elements or organic contaminants like pharmaceuticals as well as pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, the utilization of some of these substrates such as sewage sludge or animal by-products is legally limited in agriculture because of the potential risk to contaminate sites with potentially toxic elements and organic contaminants. Thus, to close nutrient cycles it is important to develop solutions for the responsible use of organic nutrient sources. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the contamination of the most important organic nutrient sources with potentially toxic elements, antibiotics (as one important organic contaminant) and pathogenic microorganisms. Changes in manure and sewage sludge management as well as the increasing trend to use such substrates in biogas plants will be discussed with respect to potential risks posed to soils and water bodies. Some examples for abatement options by which contamination can be reduced to produce P fertilizers with high amounts of plant available P forms are presented.
有机养分源，如农家肥、污水污泥、沼气消化物或其他动物副产品，可以作为有价值的肥料，为土壤提供有机物。目前，特别是磷（P）是研究的重点，因为它是一种必需的植物养分，而磷的资源有限，预计只能再维持几十年。在农业中有效利用有机 P 源有助于保护 P 资源，从而有可能封闭养分循环，防止 P 向环境中不必要的流失，这是水体富营养化的主要原因之一。不幸的是，有机 P 源通常还含有各种有害物质，如潜在有毒元素或有机污染物，如药品以及致病微生物。此外，由于潜在有毒元素和有机污染物可能对受污染的场地造成污染的潜在风险，一些此类底物的利用，如污水污泥或动物副产品，在农业中受到法律限制。因此，为了封闭养分循环，开发负责任地利用有机养分源的解决方案非常重要。本综述的目的是概述最重要的有机养分源中潜在有毒元素、抗生素（作为一种重要的有机污染物）和致病微生物的污染情况。将讨论粪便和污水污泥管理的变化以及在沼气厂中越来越多地使用这些底物的趋势，以评估其对土壤和水体造成的潜在风险。还介绍了一些减少污染的缓解措施的实例，这些措施可以减少有机 P 源的污染，生产出高含量的植物有效 P 形态的 P 肥料。
