Getzin Andrew R, Milner Cynthia, Harkins Marie
1Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY; 2Cayuga Center for Healthy Living, Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY; and 3Cayuga Center for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY.
Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017 Jul/Aug;16(4):240-246. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000386.
Triathletes need to effectively fuel during training and racing to maximize their potential for success. While most research on fueling has focused on elite male triathletes, triathlon participation encompasses a broader demographic of racers ranging from those with aspirations of winning to those whose goals are completion. Carbohydrate is the primary macronutrient for fueling endurance activities. Athletes can usually tolerate 60 to 90 mg·h in the form of multiple different carbohydrate sources. Athletes should drink as thirst dictates and consider sodium replacement of sweat loss especially in individuals with a history of exercise-associated muscle cramps. Caffeine is a known ergogenic aid that could be dosed at 3 mg·kg to maximize benefits of mental alertness while limiting potential side effects. Athletes need to balance fueling with development of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. As demographics of race participants change, understanding the special fueling needs of obese triathletes can encourage participation while minimizing bad outcomes.
铁人三项运动员需要在训练和比赛期间有效地补充能量，以最大限度地发挥其取得成功的潜力。虽然大多数关于能量补充的研究都集中在精英男性铁人三项运动员身上，但铁人三项运动涵盖了更广泛的参赛人群，从有夺冠志向的选手到以完成比赛为目标的选手。碳水化合物是为耐力活动提供能量的主要宏量营养素。运动员通常可以耐受以多种不同碳水化合物来源形式提供的每小时60至90毫克。运动员应根据口渴程度饮水，并考虑补充因出汗而流失的钠，尤其是有运动相关性肌肉痉挛病史的个体。咖啡因是一种已知的促力辅助剂，可按每千克体重3毫克的剂量服用，以在限制潜在副作用的同时最大化精神警觉性的益处。运动员需要在能量补充与运动引起的胃肠道综合征的发展之间取得平衡。随着参赛人员构成的变化，了解肥胖铁人三项运动员的特殊能量补充需求可以鼓励他们参赛，同时将不良后果降至最低。
