Agarwal Cori A, Wall Vanessa T, Mehta Sagar T, Donato Daniel P, Walzer Norelle K
Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 E, Suite 3B 400, Salt Lake City, UT, 84103, USA.
School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017 Dec;41(6):1305-1310. doi: 10.1007/s00266-017-0935-7. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
BACKGROUND: Female-to-male chest wall reconstruction is becoming more common, but while there is a growing body of the literature describing technique and algorithms, little detail is written on methods for creating a male appearing nipple areolar complex (NAC) from a female NAC utilizing free nipple graft techniques. Incorrect positioning of the NAC on the chest wall and suboptimal shaping and sizing of the NAC are common pitfalls in male NAC creation. METHODS: With this paper, we present techniques for nipple grafting to achieve improved male appearing NACs, as well as a simple, reproducible method for appropriate placement of the NAC relative to the borders of the pectoralis muscle. To validate our technique, we performed photographic analysis of 64 NACs in 32 volunteers with BMI of 25 or less. RESULTS: The anatomic study determined the cis-male nipple to be positioned on average 2.5 cm medial to the lateral border of the pectoralis muscle and 2.4 cm above the inferior pectoralis insertion. This supports our surgical technique of positioning the NAC in relation to the pectoralis borders rather than previously advocated anatomic landmarks. We also present reliable techniques for creating a round or horizontally oval final NAC shape as well as a composite grafting technique for cases of large papillae. CONCLUSIONS: Our anatomic study supports placement of the male NAC relative to lateral and inferior borders of the pectoralis muscle. Nipple grafting techniques presented allow for a simple and reproducible method of creating an aesthetic male NAC shape in female-to-male transgender chest reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
背景:女性到男性的胸壁重建越来越普遍,虽然描述技术和算法的文献越来越多,但关于利用游离乳头移植技术从女性乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)创建出具有男性外观的NAC的方法却鲜有详细报道。NAC在胸壁上的定位不正确以及NAC的塑形和尺寸不理想是男性NAC创建过程中常见的问题。 方法:在本文中,我们介绍了乳头移植技术以实现更具男性外观的NAC,以及一种简单、可重复的方法,用于将NAC相对于胸大肌边界进行适当放置。为了验证我们的技术,我们对32名体重指数(BMI)为25或更低的志愿者的64个NAC进行了照片分析。 结果:解剖学研究确定,顺性别男性乳头平均位于胸大肌外侧缘内侧2.5厘米处,胸大肌下缘上方2.4厘米处。这支持了我们将NAC相对于胸大肌边界进行定位的手术技术,而不是先前提倡的解剖学标志。我们还介绍了创建圆形或水平椭圆形最终NAC形状的可靠技术,以及针对乳头较大情况的复合移植技术。 结论:我们的解剖学研究支持将男性NAC相对于胸大肌的外侧和下缘进行放置。所介绍的乳头移植技术为在女性到男性的变性者胸壁重建中创建美观的男性NAC形状提供了一种简单且可重复的方法。 证据等级IV:本期刊要求作者为每篇文章指定证据等级。有关这些循证医学评级的完整描述,请参阅目录或在线作者指南www.springer.com/00266 。
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